Table 1.
Results of the univariable analysis associated with Theileria equi and Babesia caballi PCR positivity in horses in North-Western, Nigeria
| Variables | Category | Number examined | Theileria equi | Babesia caballi | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number positive (%) | χ2 | P value | Number positive (%) | χ2 | P value | |||
| Locations | Kano | 113 | 49 (43.4) | 44.80 | P < 0.001 | 4 (3.5) | 6.033 | 0.110 |
| Kaduna | 47 | 36 (76.6) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Katsina | 54 | 16 (29.6) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Jigawa | 67 | 11 (16.4) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Breeds | Arewa | 182 | 64 (35.2) | 10.36 | 0.016 | 2 (1.1) | 5.43 | 0.143 |
| Sudanese | 55 | 22 (40.0) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Talon | 36 | 23 (63.9) | 2 (5.6) | |||||
| Others | 8 | 3 (37.5) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Gender | Male | 198 | 74 (37.4) | 1.75 | 0.189 | 2 (1.0) | 0.82 | 0.366 |
| Female | 83 | 38 (45.8) | 2 (2.4) | |||||
| Age (years) | Under 6 | 77 | 37 (48.1) | 3.06 | 0.216 | 1 (1.3) | 0.75 | 0.687 |
| Between 6 and 12 | 172 | 64 (37.2) | 2 (1.2) | |||||
| Over 12 | 32 | 11 (34.4) | 1 (3.1) | |||||
| Altitude (meters) | Btw 0 and 399 | 212 | 86 (40.6) | 0.18 | 0.671 | 3 (1.4) | 0.19 | 0.978 |
| Above 400 | 69 | 26 (37.7) | 1 (1.5) | |||||
| Activities of horses | Sports (Polo) | 107 | 54 (50.5) | 14.14 | 0.012 | 0 (0) | 2.14 | 0.829 |
| Sports and ceremony | 26 | 7 (26.9) | 2 (7.7) | |||||
| Ceremony and recreation | 100 | 41 (41.0) | 2 (2) | |||||
| Reproduction and work | 48 | 10 (20.8) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Husbandry practices | Satisfactory | 160 | 52 (32.5) | 8.39 | 0.004 | 1 (0.6) | 1.69 | 0.194 |
| Unsatisfactory | 121 | 60 (49.6) | 3 (2.5) | |||||
| Presence of ticks | Yes | 105 | 41 (39.1) | 0.05 | 0.830 | 1 (0.9) | 0.27 | 0.607 |
| No | 176 | 71 (40.34) | 3 (1.7) | |||||
| Acaricide used | Carbamate | 4 | 0 (0) | 4.67 | 0.457 | 0 (0) | 23.36 | P < 0.001 |
| Cypermethrin | 40 | 17 (42.5) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Diazinon | 54 | 23 (42.6) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Abomec | 5 | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Kerosene (lamp oil or paraffin) | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 1 (33.3) | |||||
| Not sure | 175 | 69 (39.4) | 3 (1.7) | |||||
| Frequency of acaricide use | Monthly | 5 | 0 (0) | 6.04 | 0.109 | 0 (0) | 0.36 | 0.947 |
| Quarterly | 3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Occasionally | 100 | 44 (44.0) | 1 (1) | |||||
| Not sure | 173 | 68 (39.3) | 3 (1.7) | |||||
| Contact with other mammals | Yes | 51 | 13 (25.5) | 9.14 | 0.010 | 1 (1.9) | 0.88 | 0.643 |
| No | 49 | 27 (55.1) | 0 (0) | |||||
| Not sure | 181 | 72 (39.8) | 3 (1.7) | |||||
| Mgt. system | Intensive | 142 | 42 (29.6) | 25.84 | P < 0.001 | 1 (0.70) | 1.17 | 0.559 |
| Extensive | 37 | 19 (51.4) | 1 (2.70) | |||||
| Semi-intensive | 102 | 51 (50.0) | 2 (1.9) | |||||
| Total | 281 | 112 (39.8) | 4 (1.4) | |||||