Table 3.
Physical Function
| Study | Subjects | Age (years) | Exercise | Time points | Marker | Results | Other findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time to peak | Magnitude of change | Time to recovery | |||||||
| Dedrick and Clarkson [51] | 20 healthy females (10 young, 10 older) | 24 ± 3, 67 ± 5 |
24 reps eccentric contractions of elbow flexors 115% maximal isometric strength |
Baseline, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-h | MIVC elbow flexor | 24—48-h | ↓12 Nm (42%)*# | Not recovered | |
| Ploutz-Snyder et al. [52] | 12 healthy females (6 young, 6 older) | 23 ± 4, 66 ± 5 |
10 × 10 reps unilateral eccentric contractions of knee extensors 75% eccentric 1-RM |
Baseline, 24-, 72-, 96-, 168-, 216-, 264-h |
1-RM CON 1-RM ECC |
24-h 24-h |
↓24%* ↓27%* |
168-h 72-h |
Strength deficit after RT reduced after 12-wks training |
| Ferri et al. [55] | 9 healthy males | 72 ± 4 |
10 × 10 reps seated calf raises 70% 1-RM |
Baseline, 1-, 48-, 96-, 144-h |
MIVC ankle flexor Maximal voluntary torque at; -60° s-1 60° s-1 120° s-1 |
N/A 1-h N/A 1-h |
↔ ↓ 8.4 Nm (9%)* ↔ ↓ 4.5 Nm (16%)* |
N/A 24-h N/A 24-h |
Neuromuscular fatigue not exercise-induced muscle damage |
| Lavender & Nosaka [45] | 20 healthy males (10 young, 10 older) | 19 ± 0, 71 ± 2 |
6 × 5 reps eccentric contractions of elbow flexors 40% maximal isometric strength |
Baseline, 0-, 1-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-, 168-, 240-h | MIVC elbow flexor | 0-h | ↓48%*# | Not recovered | MIVC was 87% of baseline values at 10-d |
| Lavender and Nosaka [46] | 18 healthy males (10 young, 8 older) | 20 ± 2, 71 ± 4 |
6 × 5 reps eccentric contractions of elbow flexors 40% maximal isometric strength |
Baseline, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-h | MIVC elbow flexor | 0-h | ↓48%*# | Not recovered | Repeated bout did not significantly attenuate decreases in MIVC |
| Lavender and Nosaka [47] | 32 healthy males (10 young, 12 middle-aged, 10 older) | 20 ± 2, 48 ± 7, 71 ± 4 |
6 × 5 reps eccentric contractions of elbow flexors 40% maximal isometric strength |
Baseline, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-h | MIVC elbow flexor | 0-h | ↓49%*# | Not recovered | Ageing does not affect force fluctuations before or after eccentric exercise |
| Chen et al. [56] | 26 healthy males | 66 ± 5 | 6 × 10 reps maximal eccentric contractions of knee extensors | Baseline, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-h | MVC-CON 30° s-1 knee extensors | 0-h | ↓28%*# | Not recovered | Low intensity eccentric bout 7-d prior reduced deficits in MVC |
| Buford et al. [57] | 30 healthy adults (15 young, 15 older). Each group 5 females, 5 males | 23 ± 4, 76 ± 5 |
150 reps unilateral eccentric contractions of plantar flexors 110% 1-RM |
Baseline, 48-, 168-h | Maximal voluntary torque plantar flexors | 48-h | ↓20 Nm (14%)# | Not recovered | Old and young similar |
| Nikolaidis et al. [49] | 20 healthy males (10 young, 10 older) | 22 ± 4, 67 ± 5 |
5 × 15 reps of back squat 75% 1-RM on a Smith machine |
Baseline, 48-h | MIVC knee extensors | N/A | ↓31 Nm (-23%)*# | N/A | |
| Orssatto et al. [12] | 22 healthy adults. 7 females, 15 males. Two groups | 66 ± 5, 67 ± 5 |
3 × failure 70% or 95% 5-RM of leg press and leg curl |
Baseline, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-h |
Maximal voluntary peak torque knee extensors Timed up and go CMJ Stair Ascent Stair Descent |
0-h 0-h 0-h 72-h N/A |
↓14%*# (G70) ↓17%*# (G95) ↑ 2%*# (G70) ↑ 6%*# (G95) ↓8%*# (G70) ↓11%*# (G90) ↑6%*# (G70) ↑4%*# (G95) ↔ |
24-h Not recovered 24-h 24-h 24-h 24-h Not recovered Not recovered N/A |
Groups are 70% 5-RM (G70), and 95% 5-RM (G95) |
| Sorensen et al. [59] | 19 healthy adults (11 young, 8 older). 4 females in young group | 22 ± 2, 71 ± 7 | 300 reps maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensors | Baseline, 24-, 72-h |
MVC-CON 60° s-1 knee extensors Peak isokinetic power |
0-h 0-h |
↓34%*# ↓35%*# |
72-h 24-h |
Unable to recruit older women able to perform exercise |
| Marques et al. [53] | 31 institutionalized adults. 14 males, 17 females | 79 ± 7 |
2 or 4 sets of 5 CMJ. 3 sets of 6 or 12 reps 2 kg SMBT (seated medicine ball throw) 3 sets of 8 or 15 reps of leg-press and chest-press 65% 1-RM 3 sets of 6 or 12 reps 5 kg chair-squat |
Baseline, 5-min |
SMBT CMJ Hand-grip strength |
N/A N/A N/A |
↔low volume ↓3%* high volume ↓5% low volume ↓ 8%* high volume ↑3%* low volume ↓1% high volume |
N/A N/A N/A |
|
| Skarabot et al. [58] | 33 healthy adults (12 young, 11 older). 2 and 3 females respectively | 27 ± 5, 66 ± 4 | 10 sets of 6 reps maximal eccentric contractions of dorsi-flexions | Baseline, 0-, 24-, 72-h | MIVC knee extensors | 0-h | ↓ 22%* | 72-h | Repeated bout protective |
| Naderi et al. [54] | 78 healthy adults | 66 ± 3 |
4 sets of 10 reps of 3 exercises (standing calf raise with DB, standing and seated calf raise with machine) 75% 1-RM |
Baseline, 24-, 48-, 72-h |
MVC-CON 60° s-1 plantar flexors Timed up and go |
48-h 48-h |
↓12 Nm (36%)*# ↑2 s (18%)*# |
Not recovered Not recovered |
Massage attenuated declines in strength and TUG |
| Rodriguez-Lopez et al. [67] | 15 healthy adults (9 males, 6 females) | 73.6 ± 3.8 |
6 × 6 reps leg press 80% of 1-RM (heavy) 6 × 12 reps leg press 40% of 1-RM (light) |
Baseline, 0-h |
MIVC knee extensors 5 Chair Stands |
N/A |
↓ 24.8 Nm (6%)*# ↑ 0.4 s (5%)*# |
N/A | No effect of load |
1-RM one-repetition maximum, 5-RM five repetition maximum, DB dumbbell, CMJ countermovement jump, SMBT seated medicine ball throw, MIVC maximal isometric voluntary contraction, CK creatine kinase, Mb myoglobin, CON concentric, ECC eccentric, h hours, d days, wks weeks, RT resistance training, ↑ increase, ↓ decrease, ↔ no change
#Data extracted from figures
*Significantly different from baseline,