Table 5.

Risk of Falls

Study	Subjects	Age (years)	Exercise	Time-points	Outcome measure	Effect on falls risk	Other findings
Moore et al. [60]	21 healthy adults. 5 males, 16 females	71 ± 4	10–12 reps each of knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle plantar flexion, hip abduction, knee flexion	Baseline, 0-h	Diffusion co-efficient analysis Critical point analysis	↔ ↑*
Naderi et al. [54]	78 healthy adults	66 ± 3	4 sets of 10 reps of 3 exercises (standing calf raise with DB, standing and seated calf raise with machine) 75% 1-RM	Baseline, 24-, 48-, 72-h	COP Sway Ankle joint position error Fear of falling	↑ 45% (48-h)* ↑ 81% (48-h)* ↑ 27% (48-h)*	Massage reduced COP sway at 48–72-h Massage reduced joint position error at 24-, 48-, and 72-h Massage improved fear of falling at 24- and 72-h. Cold water immersion improved fear of falling at 72-h

Study

Subjects

Age (years)

Exercise

Time-points

Outcome measure

Effect on falls risk

Other findings

Moore et al. [60]

21 healthy adults. 5 males, 16 females

71 ± 4

10–12 reps each of knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle plantar flexion, hip abduction, knee flexion

Baseline, 0-h

Diffusion co-efficient analysis

Critical point analysis

↔

↑*

Naderi et al. [54]

78 healthy adults

66 ± 3

4 sets of 10 reps of 3 exercises (standing calf raise with DB, standing and seated calf raise with machine)

75% 1-RM

Baseline, 24-, 48-, 72-h

COP Sway

Ankle joint position error

Fear of falling

↑ 45% (48-h)*

↑ 81% (48-h)*

↑ 27% (48-h)*

Massage reduced COP sway at 48–72-h

Massage reduced joint position error at 24-, 48-, and 72-h

Massage improved fear of falling at 24- and 72-h. Cold water immersion improved fear of falling at 72-h

1-RM one-repetition maximum, reps repetitions, COP centre of pressure, DB dumbbells, h hours, ↑ increase, ↔ no change

*Significantly different from baseline