Table 6.
Circulating Muscle Proteins
| Study | Subjects | Age (years) | Exercise | Time points | Marker | Results | Other findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time to peak | Magnitude of change | Time to recovery | |||||||
| Clarkson and Dedrick [50] | 20 healthy females (10 young, 10 older) | 24 ± 3, 67 ± 5 |
24 reps eccentric contractions of elbow flexors 115% maximal isometric strength |
Baseline, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-h | CK | 120-h | ↑180 IU/L (273%)*# | Not recovered | |
| Ferri et al. [55] | 9 healthy males | 72 ± 4 |
10 × 10 reps seated calf raises 70% 1-RM |
Baseline, 1-, 48-, 96-, 144-h |
CK Mb LDH |
48-h 1-h 48-h |
↑52 U/L (60.3%)* ↑19 U/L (73.2%)* ↑17 U/L (5.3%)* |
96-h 48-h 96-h |
|
| Lavender and Nosaka [45] | 20 healthy males (10 young, 10 older) | 19 ± 0, 71 ± 2 |
6 × 5 reps eccentric contractions of elbow flexors 40% maximal isometric strength |
Baseline, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-, 144-, 168-h |
CK Mb |
96—120-h 96—120-h |
↑ 1996 IU/L (1358%)*# Baseline not given* |
Not given Not given |
Peak CK and Mb higher in young |
| Lavender and Nosaka [46] | 18 healthy males (10 young, 8 older) | 20 ± 2, 71 ± 4 |
6 × 5 reps eccentric contractions of elbow flexors 40% maximal isometric strength |
Baseline, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-h |
CK Mb |
96-h 96-h |
↑1657 IU/L (1641%)*# ↑ 406 ng/ml (824%)*# |
Not recovered Not recovered |
Increases in CK and Mb higher in young Repeated bout significantly attenuated increases in Mb |
| Thalacker-Mercer et al. [66] | 39 healthy adults (19 younger, 20 older) | 37 ± 1, 73 ± 1 |
9 × 10 reps bilateral, concentric-eccentric knee extension 40% MIVC |
Baseline, 24-h | CK | N/A | ↑54 U/L (46%)* | Not recovered | |
| Chen et al. [56] | 26 healthy males | 66 ± 5 | 6 × 10 reps maximal eccentric contractions of knee extensors | Baseline, 0-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-h |
CK Mb |
96-h 96-h |
↑ 1473 IU/L (1009%)*# ↑254 ug/L (726%)*# |
Not recovered | Previous sub-max exercise significantly attenuated increases in CK and Mb |
| Funghetto et al. [61] | 90 obese females | 69 ± 6 | 7 × 10 reps eccentric bilateral knee extension isoinertial machine with a load corresponding to 110% of 10-RM | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | CK | 24—48-h | ↑39- 47 IU/L (42–44%)* | Not recovered | Only GG allele group had a peak significantly higher than baseline |
| Buford et al. [57] | 30 healthy adults (15 young, 15 older). Each group 5 females, 5 males | 23 ± 4, 76 ± 5 |
150 reps unilateral eccentric contractions of plantar flexors 110% 1-RM |
Baseline, 48-, 168-h | CK | 48-h | ↑0.14 (log) IU/L | Not recovered | Older peaked later than young |
| Tajra et al. [62] | 90 obese females | 69 ± 6 | 7 × 10 reps eccentric bilateral knee extension isoinertial machine with a load corresponding to 110% of 10-RM | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | CK | 48-h |
↔(non-responders) ↑ 202 U/L (157%)*# (high responders) |
N/A Not recovered |
Evidence for high and low responders to CK |
| Nikolaidis [49] | 20 healthy males (10 young, 10 older) | 22 ± 4, 67 ± 5 |
5 × 15 reps of back squat 75% 1-RM on a Smith machine |
Baseline, 48-h | CK | N/A | ↑ 1534 IU/L (1112%)*# | N/A | No difference between young and older |
| Cornish et al. [64] | 11 healthy males | 72 ± 5 | 144 reps at 60% 1-RM OR 120 reps at 72% 1-RM OR 108 reps at 80% 1-RM of chest press, shoulder press, seated row, leg press, leg extension, and plantar flexion | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 6-, 24- 48-h | Mb | 3—6-h | ↑20 ng/ml (96%)*# | 48-h | No effect of intensity on Mb |
| Pereira et al. [65] | 28 healthy males |
GG genotype: 71 ± 4 CC/CG genotype: 72 ± 4 |
10 × 7 reps of eccentric contractions of knee flexors and extensors | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | CK | 24-h | ↑85 U/L (57%)*# | Not recovered | No difference between genotypes |
| Skarabot et al. [58] | 33 healthy adults (12 young, 11 older). 2 and 3 females respectively | 27 ± 5, 66 ± 4 | 10 × 6 reps maximal eccentric contractions of dorsi-flexions | Baseline, 0-, 24-, 72-h | CK | 24-h | ↑108 IU/L (111%)* | Not recovered | Repeated bout significantly attenuated increases in CK |
| Rodriguez-Lopez et al. [67] | 15 healthy adults (9 males, 6 females) | 73.6 ± 3.8 |
6 × 6 reps leg press 80% of 1-RM (heavy) 6 × 12 reps leg press 40% of 1-RM (light) |
Baseline, 0-, 24-h |
CK LDH |
24-h N/A |
↑59 U/L (1083%)* ↔ |
N/A | No effect of load |
| De Sousa Neto et al. [63] | 88 obese females | 69 ± 6 | 7 × 10 reps eccentric bilateral knee extension isoinertial machine with a load corresponding to 110% of 10-RM | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | CK | 48-h | Not recovered | No effect of muscle quality | |
1-RM one-repetition maximum, reps repetitions, CK creatine kinase, Mb myoglobin, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, h hours, ↑ increase, ↔ no change
#Data extracted from figures
*Significantly different from baseline