Table 7.
Cytokines
| Study | Subjects | Age (years) | Exercise | Time points | Marker | Results | Other findings | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time to peak | Magnitude of change | Time to recovery | |||||||
| Przybyla et al. [48] | 34 healthy males (17 young, 17 older) | 32 ± 7, 71 ± 5 |
3 × 8 reps of bilateral leg press, leg curl, and leg extension 80% 1-RM. Plus 4th set to failure |
Baseline, 72-h |
IL-6 IL-1β IL-1RA IL-10 AMAC-1 |
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A |
↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ |
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A |
IL-1β, IL-10, IL-1RA significantly higher in older at rest, and IL-1β, IL-10, AMAC-1 increased two-fold in young but not older |
| Thalacker-Mercer et al. [66] | 39 healthy adults (20 younger, 19 older) | 37 ± 1, 73 ± 1 |
9 × 10 reps bilateral, concentric-eccentric knee extension 40% MIVC |
Baseline, 24-h |
IL-6 IL-8 TNF-α |
N/A N/A N/A |
↑ 0.34 pg/ml (24%)* ↔ ↔ |
N/A N/A N/A |
IL-6 was also the only cytokine to change in young |
| Mathers et al. [69] | 35 healthy adults (20 males, 15 females) | 68 ± 1, 67 ± 2 | 3 × 12 reps of maximal isokinetic eccentric and concentric unilateral leg extension | Baseline, 2-h |
IL-6 mRNA (men) IL-6 mRNA (men) |
N/A N/A |
↑ 0.193 AU (6433%)* ↑ 0.133 AU (1662%)* |
N/A | Increased similarly in males and females |
| Funghetto et al. [61] | 90 obese females | 69 ± 6 | 7 × 10 reps eccentric bilateral knee extension isoinertial machine with a load corresponding to 110% of 10RM | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | IL-6 | N/A | ↔ | N/A | |
| Patterson et al. [68] | 7 healthy males | 71 ± 7 |
5 sets of unilateral knee extensions 20% 1-RM to fatigue with or without blood flow restriction in a counterbalanced order |
Baseline, 30-, 60-, 120-min | IL-6 | N/A | ↔ | N/A | Blood flow restriction did not alter plasma IL-6 |
| Buford et al. [57] | 30 healthy adults (15 young, 15 older). Each group 5 females, 5 males | 23 ± 4, 76 ± 5 |
150 reps unilateral eccentric contractions of plantar flexors 110% 1-RM |
Baseline, 48-, 168-h | TNF-α | N/A | ↔ | N/A | |
| Tajra et al. [62] | 90 obese females | 69 ± 6 | 7 × 10 reps eccentric bilateral knee extension isoinertial machine with a load corresponding to 110% of 10RM | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | IL-6 | 0-h |
↔(non-responders) ↑ 7.80 pg/ml (210%)*# (high responders) |
48-h | ‘Normal’ responders had no significant increase |
| Cornish et al. [64] | 11 healthy males | 72 ± 5 | 144 reps at 60% 1-RM OR 120 reps at 72% 1-RM OR 108 reps at 80% 1-RM of chest press, shoulder press, seated row, leg press, leg extension, and plantar flexion | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 6-, 24- 48-h | IL-6 | 6-h | ↑ 0.49 pg/ml (28%)*# | 24-h | RT intensity had no effect on IL-6 levels |
| Sorensen et al. [59] | 19 healthy adults (11 young, 8 older). 4 females in young group | 22 ± 2, 71 ± 7 | 300 reps maximal eccentric contractions of the knee extensors | Baseline, 24-, 72-h |
IL-6 IL-1β MCP-1 MIG IP-10 I-TAC IL-7 IL-8 IL-13 GCSF |
N/A N/A 24-h 24-h 24-h 24-h N/A 24-h N/A N/A |
↔ ↔ ↑198 pg/ml (1191%)* ↑175 pg/ml (127%)* ↑195 pg/ml (1598%)* ↑63 pg/ml (322%)* ↔ ↑29 pg/ml (1140%)* ↔ ↔ |
N/A N/A Not recovered 72-h 72-h 72-h N/A Not recovered N/A N/A |
|
| Pereira et al. [65] | 28 healthy males |
GG genotype: 71 ± 4 CC/CG genotype: 72 ± 4 |
10 × 7 reps of eccentric contractions of knee flexors and extensors | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | IL-6 | N/A | ↔ | N/A | |
| Jensen et al. [70] |
25 healthy males, 24 healthy females (12 young, 12 older) |
70 ± 7 23 ± 3, 74 ± 3 |
Men: 5 × 12 reps (70% 1-RM) followed by 4 × 6 eccentric reps (110% 1 RM) Women: 2x [4 × 12 reps (70% 1-RM) followed by 4 × 4 eccentric reps (110% 1-RM) of unilateral knee extension] |
Men: Baseline, 4.5-, 24-, 96-, and 168-h Women: Baseline, 120-h |
TNF-α IL-10 IL-1β IL-1R COL1A1 Ki67 TNF-α IL-10 IL-1β IL-1R COL1A1 Ki67 |
N/A N/A 4.5-h 4.5-h 162-h 162-h N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A |
↔ ↔ ↑3.0-fold* ↑4.4-fold* ↑2.4-fold* ↑3.2-fold* ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ ↔ |
N/A N/A 24-h 24-h Not recovered Not recovered N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A |
*Values only given relative to baseline (gene expression) Older had higher COL1A1 mRNA expression at 120-h after exercise compared to the young |
| De Sousa Neto et al. [63] | 88 obese females | 69 ± 6 | 7 × 10 reps eccentric bilateral knee extension isoinertial machine with a load corresponding to 110% of 10-RM | Baseline, 0-, 3-, 24-, 48-h | IL-6 | N/A | ↔ | N/A | |
1-RM one-repetition maximum, RT resistance training, IL interleukin, min minutes, h hours, RT resistance training, ↑ increase, ↔ no change
#Data extracted from figures
*Significantly different from baseline