Table 2.

Flow deviations associated with different aortic diseases

Diseases	Associated flow parameters*
Acute aortic syndromes	↓ WSS (only in AAA)
Aortic aneurysm	↑ WSS, circumferential WSS
	↓ Vorticity and helicity
	↑ EL (in vitro studies)
Aortic valve regurgitation	↑ Regurgitation fraction
	↑ Retrograde flow
Aortic valve stenosis	↑ Flow velocity
	↑ KE, EL, and TKE
	↑ Pressure gradient
Atherosclerosis	↓ Vorticity and helicity
	↓ WSS
	↑ Pulse wave velocity
Bicuspid aortic valve	↑ Flow velocity (if accompanied by AoS)
	↑ Flow displacement and flow jet angle
	↑ WSS
	↑ Vorticity and helicity
	↑ EL
Coarctation	↑ Flow velocity
	↑ Pressure gradient
Vessel wall stiffening	↑ Pulse wave velocity

WSS wall shear stress, AAA abdominal aortic aneurysm, EL energy loss, KE kinetic energy, TKE turbulent kinetic energy, AoS aortic valve stenosis

*Based on the literature as cited in the respective sections