Table 1.
Baseline information of studies included in the systematic review
| StudyID | Research question | #Pat | FIGO stages | Imaging modality | Study design | Outcome | Validation | Reference standard | RQS (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Differential diagnosis | |||||||||
| Zheng2022 | Differentiating SBOTs and SMOTs |
D = 125 IV = 31 |
NR | MRI (fs-T2WI, DWI) | R | SBOT or SMOT | Yes (internal) | HP | 30.6 |
| Zhang2022 | Differentiating EOTs and MOTs |
D = 187 IV = 99 |
NR | ceCT (VP) | R | EOT or MOT | Yes (internal) | HP | 38.9 |
| Xu2022 | Differentiating: (1) BEOTs and EOCs; (2) type I and type II EOCs |
D = 89 IV = 114 D = 48 |
30I/82II | MRI (DWI, ADC) | R | BEOTs or EOCs; (2) type I or type II EOCs |
Yes (internal) No |
HP | 38.9 |
| Wei2022 | Differentiating benign and borderline EOTs |
D = 309 IV = 78 EV = 30 |
NR | MRI (T2WI) | R | benign or borderline EOTs | Yes (internal and external) | HP | 38.9 |
| M.Wang2022 | Differentiating HGSC and non-HGSC |
D = 532 IV = 133 |
NR | ceCT | R | HGSC or non-HGSC | Yes (internal) | HP | 34.8 |
| Nagawa2022 | Differentiating OTFGs and OGCTs | D = 53 | 17I/2II/2III | MRI (T2WI) | R | OTFG or OGCT | None | HP | 13.9 |
| LiuX2022 | Differentiating BEOTs and MEOTs |
D = 99 IV = 97 |
NR |
MRI (T2, fs-T2) |
R | BEOT or MEOT | Yes (internal) | HP | 22.2 |
| LiuP2022 | Differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors |
D = 96 IV = 39 |
NR | ceCT (AP) | R | Benign or malignant ovarian tumors | Yes (internal) | HP | 29.2 |
| LiS2022 | Differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors |
D = 99 IV = 41 |
NR | neCT | R | Benign or malignant ovarian tumors | Yes (internal) | HP | 38.9 |
| LiJ.1.2022 | Differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors |
D = 930 IV = 399 |
NR | ceCT (VP) | R | Benign or malignant ovarian tumors | Yes (internal) | HP | 33.3 |
| LiJ.2.2022 | Differentiating type I and type II EOCs |
D = 329 IV = 141 |
237I-II/233III-IV | ceCT (VP) | R | Type I or type II EOCs | Yes (internal) | HP | 38.9 |
| Zhu2021 | Differentiating EOCs and NEOCs | D(IV) = 101 | 28I/14II/57III/2IV | neCT | R | EOC or NEOC | Yes (internal) | HP | 38.9 |
| YuXP2021 | Differentiating SBOTs and SMOTs |
D = 127 IV = 55 |
117I /65II |
ceCT (AP, VP, EP) |
R | SBOT or SMOT | Yes (internal) | HP | 26.4 |
| Ye2021 | Differentiating BEOTs and FIGO stage I/II MEOTs |
D = 62 IV = 26 |
I-II |
MRI (T1, T2, DWI) |
R | BEOT or FIGO stage I/II MEOT | Yes (internal) | HP | 27.8 |
| Song.1.2021 | Differentiating benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian tumors | D + IV = 82 | NR |
MRI (DCE) |
P | Benign, borderline, or malignant ovarian tumors | Yes (internal) | HP | 55.6 |
| Park2021 | Differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors | D(IV) = 427 | NR | ceCT | R | Benign or malignant ovarian tumors | Yes (internal) |
Benign: (1) HP, (2) US or MRI, (3) stable after 2 years, or (4) resolved on subsequent imaging without treatment Malignant:HP |
33.3 |
| LiS2021 | Differentiating benign and malignant ovarian tumors |
D = 95 IV = 39 EV = 26 |
NR |
CeCT (VP) |
R | Benign or malignant ovarian tumors | Yes (internal and external) | HP | 41.7 |
| LiN2021 | Differentiating OGCTs and OTCA–FTCA | D = 46 | NR |
MRI (T2) |
R | OGCT or OTCA-FTCA | None | HP | 11.1 |
| Jian2021 | Differentiating type I and type II EOCs |
D = 144 IV = 75 EV = 75 |
NR |
MRI (T1, T2, DWI, ADC) |
R | Type I or type II EOC | Yes (internal and external) | HP | 30.6 |
| Hu2021 | Differentiating POCs and SOCs |
D = 76 IV = 34 |
NR |
ceCT (neCT, AP) |
R | POC or SOC | Yes (internal) | HP | 30.6 |
| An2021 | Differentiating HGSC and non-HGSC |
D = 163 IV = 42 |
44I/25II/106III/30IV |
ceCT (VP) |
R | HGSC or non-HGSC | Yes (internal) | HP | 31.9 |
| Qian2020 | Differentiating type I and type II EOCs | D(IV) = 61 | 26I-II/35III-IV |
MRI (fs-T2, DWI, DCE) |
R | Type I or type II EOC | Yes (internal) | HP | 44.4 |
| Lupean2020 | Differentiating benign and malignant ovarian cysts | D = 28 | NR |
MRI (T2) |
R | Benign or malignant ovarian cysts | None | HP | 5.6 |
| Li2020 | Differentiating BEOTs and MEOTs |
D = 250 IV = 92 EV = 159 |
NR |
MRI (T1, fs-T2, DWI, ADC) |
R | BEOT or MEOT | Yes (internal and external) | HP | 36.1 |
| Zhang2019 | Differentiating (1) benign and malignant ovarian tumors; (2) type I and type II EOC; |
D = 195 IV = 85 |
I-IV |
MRI (T1, T2, fs-T2, DWI) |
R |
(1) Benign or malignant ovarian tumors; (2) type I or type II EOC |
Yes (internal) | HP, immunohistological staining | 30.6 |
| Response evaluation | |||||||||
| Rundo2022 | Predicting response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in HGSOC |
D = 61 IV = 48 |
77IIIC/32IV | ceCT | R | Non-complete response (CRS1-2) or complete response (CRS3) | Yes (internal) | CRS | 33.3 |
| Zargari2018 | Predicting tumor response to postsurgical chemotherapy in patients with advanced-stage ovarian cancer | D(IV) = 120 | NR |
ceCT (60 s) |
R | Response to postsurgical chemotherapy | Yes (internal) | RECIST 1.1 | 30.6 |
| Danala2017 | Predicting tumor response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer patients | D = 91 | NR |
ceCT (60 s) |
R | Response to chemotherapy | None | RECIST 1.1 | 8.3 |
| Qiu2016 | Predicting early response of ovarian cancer patients to chemotherapy | D = 30 | NR |
ceCT (60 s, 5 min) |
R | Early response to chemotherapy | None | RECIST 1.1 | 0.0 |
| Prognosis prediction | |||||||||
| Wan2023 | Predicting CCR5 expression level and survival |
D = 57 IV = 89 |
NR | CT | R | CCR5 expression level, survival | Yes (internal) | CCR5 expression data from TCGA, OS | 50.0 |
| Wu2022 | Predicting early recurrence in patients with HGSOC |
D = 74 IV = 36 |
33I-II/77III-IV | ceCT (AP, VP) | R | Cancer recurrence | Yes (internal) | PFS | 33.3 |
| WangT2022 | Predicting EOC prognosis |
D = 130 IV = 56 |
85I/16II/76III/9IV |
MRI (T1, T2, DWI, CE-T1) |
R | Survival | Yes (internal) | DFS | 33.3 |
| Lu2022 | Predicting residual tumor in patients with HGSOC |
D = 106 IV = 22 |
5IIIA/5IIIB/82IIIC/36IV | MRI (T2WI, DWI, ADC) | R | RT status | Yes (internal) | RT status from operative reports | 38.9 |
| LiC2022 | Predicting recurrence in patients with HGSOC |
D = 98 IV = 43 |
19I-II/122III-IV | MRI (fs-T2WI, DWI, T1WI + C) | R | Postoperative recurrence | Yes (internal) | DFS | 33.3 |
| Hu2022 | Predicting OS and DFS in patients with HGSOC |
D = 95 IV = 90 EV = 32 |
32I/43II/121III/8IV | ceCT (VP) | R | Survival | Yes (internal and external) | OS, DFS | 30.6 |
| Hong2022 | Predicting survival in patients with serous ovarian cancer |
D = 80 EV = 39 |
13I/11II/66III/29IV | ceCT (VP) | R | Survival | Yes (external) | OS | 27.8 |
| Gao2022 | Predicting the expression of PD-1 and OS in OC patients |
PDCD1: D + IV = 57 Survival: IV = 89 |
PDCD1: NR Survival: 47II-III/42IV-unknown |
CT | R | PD-1 expression, survival | Yes (internal) | PD-1 expression status from TCGA-OV, OS | 38.9 |
| Fotopoulou2022 | Validating the prognostic value of RPV in patients with HGSOC | V = 547 | 15I/30II/2671III/227IV/8unknown | ceCT (VP) | R | Survival, operability | Yes (external) | PFS, OS, macroscopic tumor clearance | 36.1 |
| Feng2022 | Predicting hypoxia pattern in patient prognostication |
D = 40 IV = 19 |
NR | ceCT (AP) | R | Hypoxia pattern | Yes (internal) | nine-gene panel | 27.8 |
| Boehm2022 | Predicting risk stratification of HGSOC |
D = 298 IV = 40 |
NR | ceCT (VP) | R | Survival | Yes (internal) | OS, PFS | 34.7 |
| Avesani2022 | Predicting BRCA mutation and PFS in patients with HGSOC |
D = 152 EV = 66 |
5I/17II/1471III/45IV/4unknown | ceCT (VP) | R | BRCA mutation, Survival | Yes (external) | BRCA mutation status, PFS | 36.1 |
| YuXY2021 | Predicting peritoneal carcinomatosis in EOC patients before surgery | D = 86 | NR |
MRI (fs-T2, DWI, DCE) |
R | Peritoneal carcinomatosis | None | HP | 19.4 |
| Yi2021 | Predicting platinum resistance for OC treatment |
D = 71 IV = 31 |
8II/80III/14IV |
ceCT (neCT, VP) |
R | Platinum resistance | Yes (internal) | 6-month PFS | 36.1 |
| Song.2.2021 | Predicting peritoneal metastasis in ovarian cancer |
D = 54 IV = 35 |
NR |
MRI (T2, fs-T2, DWI) |
P | Peritoneal metastasis | Yes (internal) | HP | 61.1 |
| Liu2021 | Predicting BRCA gene mutation status in patients with EOC | D = 106 | NR |
ceCT (AP, VP, DP) |
R | BRCA mutation | Yes (internal) | NGS genetic testing | 36.1 |
| LiM2021 | Predicting BRCA gene mutation status in patients with advanced EOC |
95 (D:IV = 7:3) |
32III/63IV |
ceCT (AP, VP, DP) |
R | BRCA mutation | Yes (internal) | NGS genetic testing | 36.1 |
| LiH.1.2021 | Predicting RFS in patients with advanced HGSOC | D(IV) = 117 | III-IV |
MRI (CE-T1, T2) |
R | Survival | Yes (internal) | RFS | 27.8 |
| LiH.2.2021 | Predicting residual disease in patients with advanced HGSOC |
D = 160 IV = 57 |
III-IV |
MRI (CE-T1, T2) |
R | Residual disease | Yes (internal) | R0 resection | 23.6 |
| Chen.1.2021 | Predicting early recurrence in patients with HGSOC |
D = 179 IV = 77 |
55 I-II/201 III-IV |
ceCT (VP) |
R | Early recurrence | Yes (internal) | PFS | 33.3 |
| Chen.2.2021 | Predicting preoperative LN metastasis in patients with HGSOC |
D = 179 IV = 77 |
NR |
ceCT (VP) |
R | Preoperative LN metastasis | Yes (internal) | HP | 41.7 |
| Ai2021 | Predicting metastatic status of OC patients |
D = 70 IV = 31 |
29I/14II/57III/1IV | neCT | R | Preoperative metastasis | Yes (internal) | HP | 22.2 |
| Veeraraghavan2020 | Predicting PFS and platinum resistance in patients with HGSOC |
D(IV) = 40 EV = 35 |
58III/17IV | ceCT | R | Survival, platinum resistance | Yes (internal and external) | PFS | 36.1 |
| Wei2019 | Predicting risk for postoperative advanced HGSOC recurrence |
D = 50 IV = 50 EV = 42 |
112III/30IV |
ceCT (neCT, AP, VP) |
R | Postoperative recurrence | Yes (internal and external) | PFS | 38.9 |
| Meier2019 | Predicting survival and BRCA mutation status in patients with HGSOC | D = 88 | NR |
ceCT (VP) |
R | Survival, BRCA mutation | None | OS, PFS, BRCA mutation status | 0.0 |
| Lu2019 | Predicting prognostic- and molecular-phenotypes of EOC |
D = 136 IV = 77 EV = 70 |
53I-II/223III-IV/18 unknown | ceCT | R | Survival, molecular-phenotypes | Yes (internal and external) | PFS, OS | 40.3 |
| Zhang2019* | Predicting survival among EOC patients |
D = 195 IV = 85 |
I-IV |
MRI (T1, T2, fs-T2, DWI) |
R | Survival | Yes (internal) | DFS | 30.6 |
| Rizzo2018 | Predicting residual tumor at surgery and the risk of PD12 in OC patients | D = 101 | 11II/66III/24IV |
ceCT (VP) |
R | Residual tumor, risk of PD12 | None | RT, PD12 | 8.3 |
| Vargas2017 | Predicting outcomes in patients with HGSOC | D = 38 | 23III/15IV |
ceCT (70 s) |
R | Surgical resection, survival | None | Surgical resection status, molecular analysis, OS | 12.5 |
One study discussed two topics and was described twice, which was marked with “*”
BEOT borderline epithelial ovarian tumor, MEOT malignant epithelial ovarian tumor, EOC epithelial ovarian cancer, NEOC non-epithelial ovarian cancer, SBOT serous borderline ovarian tumor, SMOT serous malignant ovarian tumor, MOT metastatic ovarian tumor, EOT epithelial ovarian tumor, OTFG ovarian granulosa cell tumor, OGCT ovarian granulosa cell tumor, OTCA–FTCA thecoma–fibrothecoma, POC primary ovarian cancer, SOC secondary ovarian cancer, HGSC high-grade serous carcinoma, HGSOC high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, OC ovarian cancer, RPV Radiomic Prognostic Vector, D development, IV internal validation, EV external validation, V validation, AP arterial phase, VP venous phase, EP equilibrium phase, DP delay phase, R retrospective, P prospective, CRS chemotherapy response score, LN lymph node, PD12 disease progression within 12 months, HP histopathology, DFS disease-free survival, PFS progression-free survival, RFS recurrence-free survival, OS overall survival, RT residual tumor, NRnot reported, NA not applicable