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. 2023 Jul 3;14:3917. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39411-7

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A UMAP plot of brain samples showing the difference between cortical and subcortical regions. B Top 20 marker proteins in cortical and subcortical regions over the stages of F90, F120, and P3, respectively (n = 3). C Line chart showing the overlap rate of biological processes enriched by marker proteins between two adjacent stages. D Comparison of biological processes that become enriched at the indicated stages between cortical and subcortical regions. The newly enriched biological processes were identified by comparison of biological processes as in (C). The p-values were calculated by two-sided Fisher’s exact test. E Line chart showing the trend over four stages of the protein related to dendrite development, neuron differentiation, neuronal activity, and synapse assembly, respectively. The cortical (n = 12, 21, 39, 39 subregions from three monkeys for stages F50, F90, F120, P3, respectively) and subcortical (n = 9, 12, 12 regions from three monkeys for stages F90, F120, P3, respectively) regions in cerebrum were showed separately for comparison. The dot and error bar indicate the mean value and standard deviation, respectively. The solid line indicates that there is at least one significant difference between the two adjacent stages. The dashed line indicates no significant difference between any two adjacent stages. The p-values were calculated by two-sided Student’s t-test. F Representative immunofluorescence images showing spatiotemporal changes in abundance of NCAN and SOX2. The brain tissues were stained for NCAN (green), SOX2 (red), and DAPI (blue), respectively. The scale bar is 2 mm (columns 1–4) or 500 μm (column 4) as indicated. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.