Table 1.

Different molecular cocktails to generate brain region-specific organoids.

Sr. No.	Brain region-specific organoids	Cell type used	Intrinsic signaling or extrinsic inductive signals	Reference
1	Cerebral Cortex	Mouse ESCs, hESCs and human iPSCs	Dkk-1 (Wnt inhibitor), LeftyA (NODAL inhibitor) and soluble BMPRIA-Fc	[25]
		Human H9 ES and iPSCs	Intrinsic signaling	[9]
		Human ESC	IWR1e (Wnt inhibitor) and SB431542 (TGFβ inhibitor)	[19]
		Human iPSC	Dorsomorphin (BMP inhibitor) and SB-431542, FGF2 EGF, BDNF and NT3	[26]
		Human iPSC	Recombinant mouse Noggin, FGF2, rhDkk1, EGF, BDNF, GDNF and dibutyryl-cAMP	[111]
		Human iPSC	Dorsomorphine, A83-01, WNT-3A, CHIR99021, SB-431542, ascorbic acid, BDNF, GDNF, TGFβ and cAMP	[27, 28]
		Human ES (H9 or H1) and iPSCs	Intrinsic signaling with CHIR 99021	[31]
2	Midbrain	Human ESC lines H1 and H9	CHIR99021, Noggin, SB-431542, SHH-C25II, FGF8, BDNF, GDNF, ascorbic acid, and db-cAMP	[30]
		Human iPSC	LDN-193189, SB-431542, SHH, purmorphamine, FGF-8, CHIR99021, BDNF, GDNF, ascorbic acid, TGFβ and c-AMP	[27]
		Human NESCs	CHIR-99021, purmorphamine, ascorbic acid, BDNF, GDNF, ascorbic acid, TGFβ and db c-AMP	[136]
3	Hypothalamus	Human iPSC	SB431542, LDN193189, thioglycerol, WNT3A, SHH, Purmorphamine, FGF-2 and CTNF, BDNF, GDNF, ascorbic acid and c-AMP	[27, 28]
4	Hippocampus	Human ES cells	Wnt inhibitor (IWR1e), SB431542, CHIR 99021, BMP4, chemically defined lipid concentrate	[11]
5	Anterior pituitary gland	Mouse ES cells	BMP4, SAG, DAPT, FGF10	[137]
		Human ESCs	Chemically defined lipid concentrate, monothioglycerol, BMP4, SAG, FGF2	[138]
6	Cerebellum	Human ESCs	SB431542, FGF2, SDF1 and FGF19	[139]
7	Spinal cord	Mouse ESCs	All-trans RA, SAG, cyclopamine	[140]
		Mouse ESCs, Human iPSC	bFGF, CHIR99021, retinoic acid, BMP4, DAPT	[141]
8	Retina	Mouse ESCs, Human ESCs	IWR1-endo (Wnt inhibitor), FBS, SAG, CHIR99021 (Wnt agonist)	[142]
		Human iPSCs	FBS, Taurine, all-trans RA	[143]
		Human iPSCs	FBS, Taurine, all-trans RA	[144]
		Human ESCs (H9), Human iPSCs	FBS, Taurine, insulin-like growth factor 1, all-trans RA, 9-cis retinal	[145]