Fig. 1.

Schematic of the surgical design of the β-TCP system for ANFH treatment. A. Blood vessels from the proximal femur and reparative neovessels around the grafting area were directed into the femoral head through the implanted porous β-TCP scaffold, thus facilitating revascularization, bone regeneration and mechanical recovery; B. The β-TCP system used for ANFH, including dense granules, porous granules, and a porous rod. C. The main surgical procedure, included orientation, bone tunnel establishment, necrotic tissue removal, defect reconstruction, and rod implantation.