Fig. 4.

Results of in vivo for bone regeneration concurrent with neovascularization. A. X-ray transmission of the specimens shows the degradation of the implanted porous β-TCP scaffold. B. Degradation rate of the β-TCP scaffold in encapsulated or unencapsulated region. C. Tetracycline/calcein labeling for bone regeneration analysis in encapsulated and unencapsulated areas. D. The depth of new bone extended into the encapsulated area 4 weeks and 12 weeks after implantation; E. Bone area proportion of encapsulated or unencapsulated areas at 4th and 12th week. F. Osteogenic patterns in one pore (V.G. staining). The white arrow indicates osteogenesis extending from other pores, the yellow arrow indicates in situ osteogenesis and the red arrows indicate blood vessels. G. Tetracycline/calcein labeling shows that the host bone outside the encapsulated area extends across the titanium membrane into the encapsulated area. The white triangle indicates the titanium membrane and the yellow circle indicates one macropore. H. Remodeling process of the newly formed bone (V.G. staining). The yellow arrows indicate osteoclasts. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.