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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Jul 4.
Published in final edited form as: Lancet. 2014 Jul 22;385(9962):72–87. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60974-0

Table 1:

Possible HIV prevention interventions that are supported by direct or indirect evidence in FSWs and the risk level at which they operate

Risk level Type of intervention Evidence in FSWs
Community empowerment: promotion of social cohesion and capital, inclusion, and leadership skills 2, 3, 4 Structural Direct
Advocacy and community mobilization: policy, programme, and services 3, 4 Structural Direct
Gender-based and police violence, stigma, and discrimination 2, 3, 4 Structural Direct
Economic strengthening, supplemental income 1, 2 Structural Some
Rights, legal, and protection services 1, 4 Structural Direct
Voluntary testing and linkage to services 1 Biomedical, behavioural, structural Direct
Condoms (male, female, and condom-compatible lubricant) 1, 2, 3, 4 Biomedical, behavioural Direct
Sex worker friendly health services, including sexual and reproductive health services 1, 2, 3, 4 Biomedical, structural Direct
PrEP services 1, 2, 3 Biomedical, behavioural Indirect
PEP services 1, 2, 3 Biomedical, behavioural Indirect
HIV care, ART services, including PMTCT 1, 2, 3, 5 Biomedical, behavioural Direct
Harm reduction in FSW-WID 1, 2, 4 Biomedical, structural, behavioural Direct
Behaviour change by peer education and community-based counselling 1, 2, 3 Behavioural Direct

FSW=female sex worker. PrEP=pre-exposure prophylaxis. PEP=post-exposure prophylaxis. ART=antiretroviral therapy. PMTCT=prevention of mother-to-child transmission. WID=who inject drugs.