Table 3.
Agricultural activities and risks of depression, TRACTOR, France, 2002–2016 - results from the main analysis.
| Activity | Both sexes (n = 1,088,561) |
Female (n = 337,263) |
Male (n = 751,298) |
||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | m (range) | HR | p | p.adj | n (%) | m (range) | HR | p | p.adj | n (%) | m (range) | HR | p | p.adj | |
| Truck farming, floriculture/flower-growing | 43,487 (3.99) | 80; 1855 | 1.06 [0.98–1.14] | 0.19 | 0.25 | 13,251 (3.93) | 26; 728 | 1.10 [0.99–1.23] | 0.14 | 0.17 | 30,236 (4.02) | 54; 1127 | 1.04 [0.93–1.16] | 0.57 | 0.82 |
| Fruit arboriculture | 25,001 (2.3) | 51; 1027 | 0.99 [0.90–1.10] | 0.73 | 0.96 | 7927 (2.35) | 21; 405 | 0.87 [0.74–1.04] | 0.15 | 0.20 | 17,074 (2.27) | 30; 622 | 1.08 [0.94–1.23] | 0.26 | 0.41 |
| Garden center/tree nursery | 5380 (0.49) | 11; 282 | 1.30 [1.07–1.60] | 0.05 | 0.06 | 1419 (0.42) | 4; 95 | 1.35 [0.98–1.90] | 0.13 | 0.15 | 3961 (0.53) | 7; 187 | 1.28 [1.00–1.67] | 0.09 | 0.12 |
| Crop farming (e.g., wheat, corn, and industrial grower) | 316,926 (29.1) | 547; 10,755 | 0.90 [0.87–0.93] | 3.1e-4 | 3.4e-4 | 105,642 (31.3) | 261; 4272 | 0.88 [0.83–0.93] | 0.02 | 0.02 | 211,284 (28.1) | 286; 6483 | 0.95 [0.91–0.99] | 0.05 | 0.07 |
| Viticulture | 121,950 (11.2) | 266; 6531 | 1.09 [1.05–1.13] | 8.8e-4 | 9.1e-4 | 42,909 (12.7) | 112; 2825 | 1.06 [1.00–1.12] | 0.08 | 0.12 | 79,041 (10.5) | 154; 3706 | 1.12 [1.06–1.19] | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Sylviculture/forestry (e.g., thinning, pruning) | 2160 (0.2) | 6; 80 | 1.42 [1.01–2.01] | 0.07 | 0.09 | 359 (0.11) | 4; 19 | 1.39 [0.75–2.60] | 0.32 | 0.51 | 1801 (0.24) | 2; 61 | 1.62 [1.09–2.41] | 0.04 | 0.05 |
| Unspecified specialized farming (e.g., herbs, mushrooms) | 6615 (0.61) | 22; 271 | 1.36 [1.14–1.63] | 1.1e-3 | 1.4e-3 | 2408 (0.71) | 11; 122 | 1.23 [0.95–1.60] | 0.12 | 0.17 | 4207 (0.56) | 11; 149 | 1.42 [1.11–1.83] | 8.7e-3 | 0.01 |
| Dairy farming | 161,436 (14.8) | 545; 9135 | 1.37 [1.32–1.42] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 49,659 (14.7) | 228; 3615 | 1.41 [1.33–1.48] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 111,777 (14.9) | 317; 5520 | 1.27 [1.21–1.33] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Cow farming | 111,873 (10.3) | 481; 6933 | 1.53 [1.47–1.59] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 32,904 (9.76) | 203; 2840 | 1.64 [1.56–1.74] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 78,969 (10.5) | 278; 4093 | 1.41 [1.34–1.49] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| Both/mixed dairy and cow farming | 31,070 (2.85) | 98; 1834 | 1.21 [1.12–1.30] | 7.0e-4 | 7.3e-4 | 8084 (2.4) | 37; 646 | 1.31 [1.17–1.48] | 3.3e-3 | 3.7e-3 | 22,986 (3.06) | 61; 1188 | 1.10 [1.01–1.22] | 0.05 | 0.08 |
| Ovine and caprine farming | 48,716 (4.48) | 150; 2327 | 1.11 [1.04–1.18] | 3.5e-3 | 4.1e-3 | 17,314 (5.13) | 70; 1093 | 1.11 [1.02–1.22] | 0.05 | 0.06 | 31,402 (4.18) | 80; 1234 | 1.10 [1.01–1.20] | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Pig farming | 13,636 (1.25) | 42; 845 | 1.27 [1.14–1.43] | 6.2e-3 | 6.4e-3 | 3890 (1.15) | 20; 345 | 1.49 [1.26–1.77] | 7.6e-4 | 7.7e-4 | 9746 (1.3) | 22; 500 | 1.12 [0.97–1.30] | 0.16 | 0.22 |
| Stud farming | 17,164 (1.58) | 33; 671 | 1.09 [0.95–1.25] | 0.38 | 0.49 | 7408 (2.2) | 20; 402 | 0.99 [0.83–1.18] | 0.55 | 0.79 | 9756 (1.3) | 13; 269 | 1.24 [1.00–1.54] | 0.08 | 0.11 |
| Training, dressage, riding clubs | 14,874 (1.37) | 19; 742 | 0.98 [0.84–1.15] | 0.40 | 0.53 | 6619 (1.96) | 9; 411 | 0.97 [0.80–1.18] | 0.43 | 0.57 | 8255 (1.1) | 10; 331 | 1.00 [0.79–1.27] | 0.62 | 0.90 |
| Unspecified large animal farming (e.g., ostrich, llama) | 2997 (0.28) | 5; 149 | 1.96 [1.53–2.53] | 0.02 | 0.02 | 1437 (0.43) | 3; 93 | 1.73 [1.27–2.42] | 0.03 | 0.03 | 1560 (0.21) | 2; 56 | 1.98 [1.32–2.98] | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Poultry and rabbit farming | 25,540 (2.35) | 81; 1620 | 1.37 [1.27–1.50] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 9995 (2.96) | 39; 824 | 1.40 [1.25–1.57] | 3.6e-3 | 3.8e-3 | 15,545 (2.07) | 42; 796 | 1.35 [1.20–1.51] | 4.0e-4 | 4.3e-4 |
| Unspecified small animal farming (e.g., frogs, snails, bees) | 19,896 (1.83) | 31; 614 | 0.87 [0.75–1.00] | 0.08 | 0.09 | 8596 (2.55) | 10; 277 | 0.58 [0.47–0.72] | 3.7e-3 | 4.1e-3 | 11,300 (1.5) | 21; 337 | 1.21 [1.02–1.44] | 0.03 | 0.05 |
| Shellfish farming (e.g., oyster farming, scallop aquaculture) | 3795 (0.35) | 7; 159 | 1.40 [1.08–1.84] | 0.04 | 0.05 | 725 (0.22) | 2; 45 | 1.31 [0.86–2.01] | 0.25 | 0.37 | 3070 (0.41) | 5; 114 | 1.65 [1.20–2.30] | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Unspecified and mixed farming (e.g., polyculture, mixed farming, diversified farming) | 127,900 (11.7) | 346; 6690 | 1.30 [1.24–1.36] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 39,338 (11.7) | 144; 2679 | 1.35 [1.26–1.44] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 88,562 (11.8) | 202; 4011 | 1.21 [1.14–1.28] | 1.3e-4 | 1.3e-4 |
| Salt works/salt evaporation pond | 974 (0.09) | 2; 40 | 0.92 [0.57–1.50] | 0.74 | 0.96 | 221 (22.7) | 0; 3 | 0.37 [0.15–0.96] | 0.04 | 0.05 | 753 (0.1) | 2; 34 | 1.40 [0.85–2.34] | 0.20 | 0.32 |
| Wood production (e.g., lopping) | 11,385 (1.05) | 13; 504 | 1.13 [0.95–1.34] | 0.19 | 0.26 | 297 (0.09) | 0; 22 | 2.13 [1.18–3.87] | 0.02 | 0.03 | 11,088 (1.48) | 13; 482 | 1.17 [0.98–1.42] | 0.13 | 0.16 |
| Stationary sawmill (e.g., edging, trimming, decking, debarking) | 787 (0.07) | 3; 45 | 1.59 [1.00–2.65] | 0.14 | 0.17 | 52 (0.02) | 0; 52 | 3.27 [1.31–8.43] | 0.03 | 0.04 | 735 (0.1) | 3; 37 | 1.45 [0.87–2.47] | 0.26 | 0.33 |
| Agricultural work companies (e.g., pesticide applications, harvest reaping) | 15,557 (1.43) | 20; 656 | 1.19 [1.02–1.38] | 0.09 | 0.11 | 1866 (0.55) | 3; 107 | 1.40 [1.03–1.94] | 0.07 | 0.08 | 13,691 (1.82) | 17; 549 | 1.18 [1.00–1.41] | 0.15 | 0.17 |
| Gardening, landscaping and reforestation companies | 48,878 (4.49) | 76; 2309 | 1.30 [1.19–1.43] | 0.01 | 0.01 | 2531 (0.75) | 9; 169 | 1.62 [1.25–2.12] | 7.4e-3 | 8.3e-3 | 46,347 (6.17) | 67; 2140 | 1.49 [1.36–1.63] | 2.2e-3 | 2.5e-3 |
| Company representative/authorized representative | 1931 (0.18) | 2; 42 | 0.91 [0.60–1.39] | 0.65 | 0.94 | 1496 (0.44) | 1; 35 | 0.84 [0.53–1.32] | 0.45 | 0.69 | 437 (0.06) | 1; 7 | 1.26 [0.45–3.64] | 0.65 | 0.91 |
| Rural craftsperson (e.g., mason, mechanics) | 7701 (0.71) | 0; 5 | 0.03 [0.01–0.08] | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 283 (0.08) | 0 | NC | NC | NC | 7418 (0.99) | 0; 5 | 0.03 [0.01–0.08] | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Note: HR: hazard ratio, n: number of exposed farm managers, m: range of the number of exposed depression cases, NC: not calculated, p: p-value, p.adj: p-value adjusted using the Benjamini-Hochberg approach. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox models with time to first depression insurance declaration or first antidepressant prescription as the underlying timescale, when the number of exposed cases was sufficient (m ≥ 3), adjusted for sex (both sexes only), age, first year of the farm's establishment, number of working years, and number of pre-existing medical comorbidities. Results for females and males were obtained with subgroup analysis (one separate model for each sex).