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. 2023 Jun 20;14:1163432. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1163432

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Copyright © 2023 Anbari, Wang, Zhang, Wang, Pilvankar, Nickaeen, Hansel and Popel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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QSP Model Diagram. The model is divided into of four compartments: central, peripheral, tumor, and tumor-draining lymph node, which describe cycles of immune activation in lymph nodes, T cell trafficking to the tumor, killing of cancer cells, immune evasion, and antigen release and lymphatic transport. nT, naïve T cell; aT, activated T cell; NO, nitric oxide; Arg-I, arginase I; Treg, regulatory T cell; Teff, effector T cell; Th, helper T cell; Texh, exhausted T cell; MDSC, myeloid derived suppresser cells; mAPC, mature antigen presenting cell. Cytokine degradation and cellular clearance were omitted in the diagram. Modified from (Ma et al., 2020b; Wang et al., 2021).