Figure 1.

The basis and process of establishment of the standard for the ML of cadmium in rice. (A) The process of the HBGV derivation by the EFSA CONTAM Panel and the JECFA. (B) Technical process of the HBGV derivation with procedure of approval and adoption for establishment of the standard for ML in China.

Abbreviation: ML=maximum limits; GM=geometric mean; GSD=geometric standard deviation; U-Cd=urinary cadmium; B2M=β2-microglobulin; BMDL₅=benchmark dose lower confidence limit at the benchmark response of 5%; Cr=creatinine; PLM=piece-wise linear model; HBGV=health based guidance value; TWI=tolerable weekly intake; PTMI=provisional tolerable monthly intake; EFSA CONTAM Panel=European Food Safety Authority’s Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain; JECFA=Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.