Table 2. The estimated TDI and PTMI by the current study, the EFSA CONTAM Panel, the JECFA and other recent studies.
| Phase outcomes for HBVG derivation |
BMDL5
(EFSA) |
BMDL5
(JECFA) |
BMDL5
(current study) |
BMDL10
(current study) |
Thresholds derived by generalized additive model |
BMDL5
(Meta-analysis) |
BMDL10
(Meta-analysis) |
BMDL10
(Ke’s study) |
| Abbreviations: TDI=tolerable daily intake; PTMI=provisional tolerable monthly intake; EFSA CONTAM Panel=European Food Safety Authority’s Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain; JECFA=Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives; HBGV=health based guidance value; BMDL5=benchmark dose lower confidence limit at the benchmark response of 5%; BMDL10=benchmark dose lower confidence limit at the benchmark response of 10%; Cr=creatinine; TK=toxicokinetic; PBTK=physiologically based toxicokinetic. * Values in brackets have been adjusted for the uncertainty factor. § M: Males; F: Females. † 95% confidence interval. ¶ Data unavailable. | ||||||||
| Reference point of urinary cadmium (μg/g Cr) | 4 (1)* |
5.24 (4.9–5.57)† |
2.11 (0.88)* |
4.46 (1.86)* |
0.85 (0.62–0.98)† |
1.70 (0.71)* |
1.95 (0.81)* |
2.0 (M)§ 1.69 (F)§ |
| TK model | ||||||||
| TDI [μg/(kg b.w.·day)] | 0.36 | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) † |
0.55 | 1.17 | 0.54 (0.39–0.62) † |
0.48 | 0.52 | 1.25 (M) 1.06 (F) |
| PTMI [μg/(kg b.w.·month)] | 10.8 | 25 | 16.5 | 35.1 | 16.2 (11.7–18.6) † |
14.4 | 15.6 | 37.5 (M) 31.8 (F) |
| PBTK model | ||||||||
| TDI [μg/(kg b.w.·day)] | −¶ | −¶ | 0.37 | 0.95 | 0.36 (0.23–0.41) † |
0.30 | 0.35 | 1.04 (M) 0.84 (F) |
| PTMI [μg/(kg b.w.·month)] | −¶ | −¶ | 11.1 | 28.5 | 10.8 (6.9–12.3) † |
9.0 | 10.5 | 31.2 (M) 25.2 (F) |