Table S3. Future actions generated by framework analysis for National Action Plan in China for Governance area 3: monitoring and evaluation Analysis.

Indicator	Result summary	Future actions
Abbreviation: NAP=National Action Plan; MARA=Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; NHC=National Health Commission; CNY=Chinese Yuan; AMR=antimicrobial resistance.
Effectiveness	In 2017, a project was established with a funding of 9.86 million CNY to support teams carrying out a demonstration study on the Application of Antibacterial Drugs in the Reduction of Children’s Bacterial Infectious Diseases using Traditional Chinese Medicine. The project aimed to facilitate and conduct exploratory research on innovative Chinese medicine treatments and prescriptions in 2018.	Further methodologies for assessing the efficacy and efficiency of implemented measures must be developed to mitigate potential resource and financial misallocations in subsequent actions. A more comprehensive evaluation mechanism, encompassing objectives, work actions, and system development, is necessary and is also addressed in NAP 2022–2025.
Feedback mechanism		Establishing a feedback mechanism to improve post-action outcomes and strengthen evidence-based governance
Reporting		Currently, only a limited number of departments, such as MOA and NHC, published annual regulatory reports. It is our hope that more departments will release statistical and public reports in a timely manner following the implementation of regulations. Upon establishing interdepartmental collaboration, efforts will be made to generate a comprehensive report aggregating data from diverse sources. This will enable a thorough examination of the national AMR issue and facilitate the identification of macroscopic governance solutions.