Table 2.
Intervention Characteristics and Study Findings
| Author | Nurse’s training and expertise | Frequency of contact with the nurse (#/times) |
Intervention overview | Intervention description | Comparator | Duration of intervention | Follow up time frame | Primary setting (inpatient vs. outpatient) | Outcomes & Measures | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kankaya & Karadakovan | Nurse researcher who specialized in the field | Dependent on the counseling needed as determined by the participant | Web-based education followed by individual nurse consultancy | 3 months of web-based education on self-management of SLE, followed by 6 months of individual nurse consultancy. | Usual care | 6 mo. | 6 mo. | Outpatient |
Self-efficacy (SEMCD) Fatigue (FSS) Assessment/Satisfaction of care (PACIC) Disease activity (SLEDAI-2000) |
Significant improvements in self-efficacy, fatigue, and assessment of chronic illness care in the intervention group |
| Karlson et al. | Masters-level nurse with 20 years of clinical experience, was trained in proven efficacy-enhancing counseling techniques |
N = 7 (1 in person, 6 counseling telephone sessions) |
Educational session followed by counseling telephone calls | Intervention designed to enhance self-efficacy, couple’s communication about lupus, social support, and problem solving, in the form of a 1-hour session with a nurse educator followed by monthly telephone counseling for 6 months with the dyads. | Attention placebo (45 min. video and monthly telephone calls) | 6 mo. | 12 mo. | Outpatient |
General health status (SF-36) •Global physical function •Global mental health status SLE disease activity (SLAQ) Fatigue (SF-36 vitality subscale, SLAQ) Self-efficacy (self-efficacy-other scale) Social support (modified social support scale) Problem solving (11-item coping measure) Satisfaction with medical care (MISS) Compliance (4-item adherence measure) |
Significant improvements in couples’ communication, problem-focused coping, social support, self-efficacy, fatigue, and global mental and physical health status |
| Uras et al. | Research nurse who was an expert in adult education |
N = 4 (during hospital admission, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months) |
Daily oral exercise with nurse support | Educational materials provided initially followed by face-to-face interventions with a nurse to teach oral exercises which patients were expected to perform daily and record on a diary card. | Usual care | 12 mo. | 3, 6, 9, & 12 mo. | Inpatient |
Mouth opening (measured in centimeters using calipers) Mouth disability (MHISS) Health status (SYSQ) QOL (Skindex-17) Anxiety & depression (GHQ-12) |
Statistically significant increase in mouth opening compared to control group (using per-protocol analysis) |
| Wu et al. | Doctorally prepared nurse (PhD) with expertise in physical activity counselling for patients with SLE, and had been trained in counselling techniques |
N = 6 (3 in-person, 3 phone calls) |
Educational sessions with counseling telephone calls | Exercise counselling program and wore a pedometer on the waist for 1 week as the baseline and for 12 weeks following the baseline. Received face-to-face counseling at weeks 1, 4, and 8, as well as follow up phone calls to address barriers and see how daily goals were being met. | Given pedometer and instructions to wear for 12 weeks after 1 week baseline. Received usual care and phone calls with medication or lab information only. | 13 wks. | 8 & 12 wks. | Outpatient |
Physical activity (Agoss Health Pedometer) Disease activity (SLEDAI-2000) HRQOL (SF-36) Fatigue (FSS) Sleep quality (PSQI) |
Significant improvements in daily steps, quality of sleep, vitality, and mental health |
| Xie et al. | 2 nurses with master’s degree and experience with SLE. Both trained in transitional care and Omaha system knowledge/skills |
N = 8 (4 structured assessments and 4 telephone follow-ups) |
Transitional care program following admission to hospital | In-person contact 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after hospital discharge to identify problems and introduce interventions. Telephone follow-up at 2, 3, 6, and 10 weeks after discharge to counsel patients regarding concerns about disease barriers. | Usual care | 12 wks. | 90 days from discharge | Outpatient once discharged from the hospital |
Disease activity (SLEDAI-2000) Self-care (ESCA) QOL (SF-36) 30-day hospital readmission rate |
Significant improvements in self-care and QOL. The 30-day readmission rate for patients in the intervention group were significantly lower than usual care group. |
Note. SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus; mo. =months, wks. =weeks; SEMCD = Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease; FSS = Fatigue Severity Scale; PACIC = Patient Assessment of Chronic Illness Care; SLEDAI-2000 = SLE Disease Activity Index; SF-36 = Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Survey; SLAQ = Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire; MISS = Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale; MHISS = Mouth Handicap in Systemic Sclerosis; SYSQ = Systemic Sclerosis Questionnaire; GHQ-12 = General Health Questionnaire; PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESCA = Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale