. 2023 Apr 6;49(4):851–866. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbad024

Table 1.

Psychometric Properties of Selected Measures

Instrument	Constructs Measured	Reliability	Validity	# Items	Likert Scoring	Time Required (in Minutes)	Developmental Timeframe
Early-life adversities
Questionnaires
Short questionnaires^25–39	NF	NF	NF	2–7	Yes/no	NA	Childhood (<18 years old)
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)^a^40–44	Physical and emotional neglect/abuse	SF = strong internal consistency (see review⁴⁵)	SF = strong structural and content (see review⁴⁵)	70 28 (SF) 21 (nonexplicit)	5-Point	15 5 (SF)⁴⁶	Lifetime
Interviews
Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (K-SADS)^39,47	Physical abuse, sexual abuse, and domestic violence	Unknown for modified use	Unknown for modified use	NF	NA	NF	Childhood or lifetime
Bullying and Friendship Interview Schedule (BFIS)^38,48,49	Bullying/social support	Cronbach’s αs = 0.62–0.77^50–52	Predictive (victimization) in elementary school and middle school	12	4-Point	NF	Past 6 months, 8, 10, or 13 years old
Medical or public records^25,53–56	Physical abuse, sexual abuse, parental loss, divorce, use of childhood protective services	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	<16, <24, and 14–24 years old
Limited social network
Questionnaires
WHO Quality of Life-Social Relationships^a57–70	Network size	Cronbach’s αs = 0.82–0.92⁷¹ Test-retest r = 0.68–0.95^71,72	Good convergent and discriminant^71,72	100 36 (SF) 16 (screener)	7-Point	<40–90	Current
Interview
Social Network Schedule (SNS)^73–75	Network size and quality of relationships	Inter-rater r = 0.94–0.9932	Good convergent⁷⁶	3 + 6 follow-up questions for each individual in network	NA	30	Current
Racism
Questionnaires
Study-specific questionnaires^77–84
Experience of Discrimination (EOD)^77,85–87	Perceived racial discrimination	Cronbach’s αs ≥0.74 Test-retest r = 0.70⁸⁸	Best convergent compared to other measures⁸⁵	9+ frequency	NA	NF	Lifetime
Everyday Discrimination Scale-Lifetime Discrimination Subscale (EDS)^77,89,90	lifetime discrimination, recent discrimination, everyday mistreatment	Cronbach’s αs = 0.63–0.88⁹⁰ Older African Americans (0.44–0.80)⁹¹ Latinx (0.91)⁹² Asian Americans (0.91))⁸⁹	Good convergent	9+ follow-up questions	5-, 4-point	NF	Past year and lifetime
Urbanicity and socioeconomic status
Geographical location of address^93–100	Population density of home location	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Current
Census data^{98,99,101,102}	Material deprivation (assessed via components of census data such as unemployment, poverty, housing quality, etc.)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Current
Immigration
Hospital records^103–114	Country of birth/current residence	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Birth/current
Census/national registry^{79,106,108,115–138}
Self-report^{99,104,123,124,139–146}	Immigration status	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Birth/current
Interview^{106,114,147–149}	First-/second-generation status	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Birth/current/parents
Social fragmentation
Census data
Social Fragmentation Index (SFI)¹⁵⁰	Social fragmentation assessed via combination of homeownership, mobility, marital status, nonfamily households, single-person households, children, immigrants, non-English/Maori speakers, and long-term residents	Cronbach’s αs = 0.73¹⁵⁰	Moderate convergent¹⁵⁰	NA	NA	NA	Current
Homelessness or housing instability
Interview^151–153	Housing instability	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Current
Food insecurity
Interview
USDA Household Food Security Survey (USDA-HFSS)^154–157	Food security	Cronbach’s αs = 0.73–0.95 Test-retest r = 0.75¹⁵⁸	Evidence supports structural and convergent¹⁵⁸	18 6 (SF)	NF	NF	1 year
Proxy
Poverty, height/weight, iodine deficiency, low birthweight^159–163	Nutritional availability	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Incarceration
Sampling method^164–168	Incarceration	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Current
Public records^167,168	History of incarceration	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Lifetime

Note: a, adapted; aka, also known as; avg., average; hr., hour; m, modified; min., minutes; NA, not applicable; NF, not found; SF, short form; SMI, severe mental illness; WHO, World Health Organization.

^aTested in samples other than healthy controls.