Fig. 1.

Normalized number of (A) junior and (B) experienced Chinese scientists leaving the United States each year for China from 2010 to 2021. Note: Chinese scientists are counted as “leaving” if they published their first paper with an affiliation in the United States and later published with a China affiliation but without an affiliation in the United States. Yearly numbers are normalized by the average number of leaving Chinese scientists in 2005 to 2010 to ensure the reported numbers are comparable across disciplines. The shaded portion highlights the notable increase after 2018.