Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the population.
| Variables | Total (N = 438,200) | Frequency of depressive symptoms | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (N = 335,743) | Moderate (N = 81,141) | High (N = 13,052) | Very high (N = 8264) | ||
| Age (years) | 56.6 ± 8.1 | 57.2 ± 8.0 | 54.9 ± 8.0 | 54.4 ± 7.9 | 54.0 ± 7.7 |
| Male | 193,749 (44.2) | 155,342 (46.3) | 30,291 (37.3) | 4938 (37.8) | 3178 (38.5) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 139.6 ± 19.7 | 140.7 ± 19.7 | 136.5 ± 19.2 | 136.6 ± 19.1 | 135.4 ± 19.0 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.4 ± 10.7 | 82.7 ± 10.6 | 81.6 ± 10.8 | 82.2 ± 10.8 | 82.0 ± 11.0 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27.3 ± 4.7 | 27.2 ± 4.6 | 27.4 ± 5.1 | 28.2 ± 5.6 | 28.6 ± 6.0 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.7 ± 13.3 | 89.7 ± 13.1 | 89.3 ± 13.7 | 91.2 ± 14.3 | 92.3 ± 15.0 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 31.4 ± 8.6 | 31.1 ± 8.4 | 32.2 ± 8.8 | 33.0 ± 9.0 | 33.3 ± 9.4 |
| Whole body fat mass | 24.7 ± 9.5 | 24.4 ± 9.1 | 25.3 ± 10.2 | 26.5 ± 11.0 | 27.3 ± 11.9 |
| Townsend deprivation index | − 1.3 ± 3.1 | − 1.6 ± 2.9 | − 1.0 ± 3.2 | − 0.1 ± 3.5 | 0.1 ± 3.6 |
| Income level | |||||
| Less than 18,000£ | 78,669 (20.9) | 55,060 (19.1) | 16,847 (23.8) | 3884 (36.7) | 2878 (42.8) |
| 18,000 to 30,999£ | 94,379 (25.1) | 72,403 (25.2) | 17,704 (25.1) | 2642 (25.0) | 1630 (24.3) |
| 31,000 to 51,999£ | 100,504 (26.8) | 78,002 (27.1) | 18,828 (26.6) | 2374 (22.4) | 1300 (19.4) |
| 52,000 to 100,000£ | 80,410 (21.4) | 64,186 (22.3) | 14,030 (19.9) | 1423 (13.4) | 771 (11.5) |
| Greater than 100,000£ | 21,689 (5.8) | 18,041 (6.3) | 3244 (4.6) | 265 (2.5) | 139 (2.1) |
| Current smoking | 44,990 (10.3) | 30,164 (9.0) | 10,786 (13.3) | 2290 (17.5) | 1750 (21.2) |
| Regular physical activity | 305,921 (69.8) | 238,628 (71.1) | 54,586 (67.3) | 8125 (62.3) | 4582 (55.4) |
| Poor eating habits | 47,278 (10.8) | 36,479 (10.9) | 8344 (10.3) | 1454 (11.1) | 1001 (12.1) |
| Sleep duration (h) | 7.2 ± 1.1 | 7.2 ± 1.0 | 7.0 ± 1.2 | 7.0 ± 1.4 | 6.9 ± 1.8 |
| Lifestyle habits | |||||
| Ideal | 229,492 (54.9) | 182,568 (56.8) | 39,131 (50.6) | 5135 (42.9) | 2658 (36.2) |
| Intermediate | 140,111 (33.5) | 105,369 (32.8) | 27,298 (35.3) | 4529 (37.9) | 2915 (39.7) |
| Poor | 48,599 (11.6) | 33,676 (10.5) | 10,866 (14.1) | 2292 (19.2) | 1765 (24.1) |
| Number of good lifestyles | |||||
| 0 | 2155 (0.5) | 1448 (0.5) | 506 (0.7) | 97 (0.9) | 104 (1.5) |
| 1 | 27,807 (6.8) | 19,273 (6.1) | 6295 (8.3) | 1199 (10.5) | 1040 (14.7) |
| 2 | 97,210 (23.8) | 71,888 (22.8) | 19,588 (26.0) | 3411 (29.9) | 2323 (32.8) |
| 3 | 146,220 (35.8) | 113,268 (36.0) | 26,712 (35.4) | 3966 (34.8) | 2274 (32.1) |
| 4 | 104,983 (25.7) | 83,990 (26.7) | 17,664 (23.4) | 2215 (19.4) | 1114 (15.7) |
| 5 | 30,267 (7.4) | 24,859 (7.9) | 4685 (6.2) | 503 (4.4) | 220 (3.1) |
| Metabolic health | |||||
| 0 component | 54,076 (14.5) | 39,829 (13.9) | 11,659 (16.9) | 1643 (14.9) | 945 (13.7) |
| 1 component | 116,096 (31.1) | 90,690 (31.6) | 20,722 (30.1) | 2908 (26.4) | 1776 (25.8) |
| 2 components | 101,024 (27.0) | 78,754 (27.4) | 17,674 (25.7) | 2801 (25.5) | 1795 (26.1) |
| 3 or more components | 102,545 (27.4) | 77,690 (27.1) | 18,843 (27.3) | 3650 (33.2) | 2362 (34.3) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.4 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.7 | 5.5 ± 0.8 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 79.5 ± 14.2 | 79.0 ± 14.0 | 81.0 ± 14.4 | 81.8 ± 15.2 | 82.0 ± 15.3 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 222.7 ± 43.0 | 223.0 ± 42.9 | 222.6 ± 42.8 | 220.7 ± 43.6 | 221.6 ± 45.3 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 153.5 ± 90.4 | 152.9 ± 89.2 | 153.1 ± 91.9 | 161.5 ± 98.7 | 167.2 ± 102.0 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.5 ± 14.7 | 56.5 ± 14.7 | 56.8 ± 14.9 | 55.0 ± 14.6 | 54.4 ± 14.8 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 139.4 ± 32.8 | 139.6 ± 32.7 | 139.1 ± 32.9 | 138.4 ± 33.4 | 139.1 ± 34.2 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL) | 2.5 ± 4.3 | 2.5 ± 4.1 | 2.7 ± 4.5 | 3.0 ± 4.7 | 3.3 ± 5.3 |
| Type 2 diabetes | 15,547 (3.8) | 11,521 (3.7) | 2883 (3.9) | 667 (5.6) | 476 (6.4) |
| Dyslipidemia | 61,095 (13.9) | 47,524 (14.2) | 10,292 (12.7) | 1978 (15.2) | 1301 (15.7) |
| Hypertension | 114,371 (26.1) | 86,982 (25.9) | 21,004 (25.9) | 3865 (29.6) | 2520 (30.5) |
| Chronic lung disease | 62,222 (14.2) | 44,892 (13.4) | 13,278 (16.4) | 2347 (18.0) | 1705 (20.6) |
| Chronic kidney disease | 5197 (1.2) | 3978 (1.2) | 914 (1.1) | 185 (1.4) | 120 (1.5) |
| Chronic liver disease | 4504 (1.0) | 3141 (0.9) | 998 (1.2) | 193 (1.5) | 172 (2.1) |
| Cancer | 50,017 (11.4) | 38,346 (11.4) | 9271 (11.4) | 1478 (11.3) | 922 (11.2) |
| Anti-depression medication | 26,377 (6.0) | 12,410 (3.7) | 9333 (11.5) | 2249 (17.2) | 2385 (28.9) |
| Charson comorbidity index | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.5 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.6 ± 1.0 |
BMI body mass index, HbA1C glycated hemoglobin, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein.