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. 2023 Jul 5;8:260. doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01457-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — TBI increases the sympathetic tone. a Quantitative analysis of serum norepinephrine (NE) by ELISA assay from fracture patients with or without concomitant TBI. b, c Representative immunofluorescence (IF) staining and quantitative analysis of TH expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus from 4-month-old male mice with fracture combined sham or TBI operation at the 7th day and 14th day post operation. Scale bar: 200 μm. d Quantitative analysis of serum NE by ELISA assay from 4-month-old male mice with fracture combined sham or TBI operation at the 7th day and 14th day post operation. e Quantitative analysis of mRNA expression of UCP1 in brown adipose tissue from 4-month-old male mice with fracture combined sham or TBI operation at the 7th day and 14th day post operation. f, g Representative IF staining and quantitative analysis of TH expression in the bone marrow from 4-month-old male mice with fracture combined sham or TBI operation at 7th day and 14th day post operation. Scale bar: 50 μm. h Quantitative analysis of bone marrow fluid NE by ELISA assay from 4-month-old male mice with fracture combined sham or TBI operation at the 7th day and 14th day post operation. All data are presented as means ± standard error of the mean (SEM). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001. Statistical significance was determined by two-tailed Student’s t test