Table 3.
Impact of alcohol withdrawal syndrome on outcomes of patients with alcohol-associated hepatitis.
| Univariate Analysis | Multivariable Analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical outcomes | AWS | No AWS | p-value | ORb | 95% CI | p-value |
| AKI, n (%) | 45 (32.1%) | 95 (32.9%) | 0.88 | 1.29 | 0.75–2.25 | 0.36 |
| Cardiovascular failure, n (%) | 16 (14.0%) | 18 (7.6%) | 0.054 | 2.18 | 0.96–4.95 | 0.062 |
| HE during hospitalization, n (%) | 67 (48.2%) | 98 (33.9%) | 0.0040 | 2.41 | 1.52–3.83 | <0.0010 |
| Infections, n (%) | 73 (53.3%) | 100 (34.6%) | <0.0010 | 2.24 | 1.44–3.49 | <0.0010 |
| Need for intubation, n (%) | 30 (21.4%) | 28 (9.6%) | 0.0010 | 2.49 | 1.38–4.49 | 0.0030 |
| ACLF, n (%) | 32 (22.9%) | 74 (25.3%) | 0.57 | 1.29 | 0.68–2.45 | 0.44 |
| CLIF-C ACLFa (mean ± SD) | 50 ± 10 | 51 ± 8 | 0.76 | 1.01 | 0.95–1.08 | 0.68 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 50 (36.2) | 68 (23.6) | 0.0060 | 1.96 | 1.19–3.23 | 0.0090 |
| ICU stay ≥7 days, n (%) | 16 (32.0) | 26 (38.8) | 0.45 | 0.66 | 0.29–1.53 | 0.33 |
| Hospitalization stay ≥7 days, n (%) | 107 (76.4) | 205 (71.2) | 0.25 | 1.75 | 1.05–2.91 | 0.031 |
| Mortality | AWS | No AWS | p-value | HRc | 95% CI | p-value |
| Mortality on day 28, n (%) | 35 (27.1) | 40 (14.6) | 0.0030 | 2.31 | 1.40–3.82 | 0.0010 |
| Mortality on day 90; n (%) | 47 (38.5) | 71 (26.8) | 0.019 | 1.78 | 1.18–2.69 | 0.0060 |
| Mortality on day 180, n (%) | 54 (45.4) | 91 (36.5) | 0.047 | 1.54 | 1.06–2.24 | 0.023 |
Abbreviations: ACLF, Acute-on-chronic liver failure; AKI, Acute kidney injury; AWS, Alcohol withdrawal syndrome; CI, Confidence interval; HE, Hepatic encephalopathy; HR, Hazard ratio; ICU, Intensive care unit; OR, Odds ratio.
a
CLIF-C score was only calculated in patients who developed ACLF.
b
For clinical outcome variables, the effect of AWS was adjusted by age and MELD score.
c
For mortalities, the effect of AWS was adjusted by age, MELD, ACLF class, hepatic encephalopathy, infection, and corticosteroid use.