Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author, year | Country | Study design | Females % | Mean age | N | Severity of COVID-19 infection | P depression (measure) | P Anxiety (measure) | P Cognitive impairment (measure) | P PTS (measure) | P Sleep disturbances (measure) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahmed et al. (14) | Egypt | Cohort | 54% | 46.5 | 182 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.374 (SCL-90) | 0.619 (SCL-90) | NR | 0.286 (PCL-5) | 0.648 (PSQI) |
| Aly and Saber (15) | Egypt | Cross-sectional | 100% | 73.2 | 115 | NR | NR | NR | 0.252 (self-reported) | NR | 0.243 (self-reported) |
| Aranda et al. (16) | Spain | Cohort | 30% | 64 | 113 | Hospitalized | 0.301 (BDI) | 0.487 (STAI) | NR | 0.788 (IES-R) | 0.292 (NR) |
| Bai et al. (17) | Italy | Cohort | 36% | 57 | 377 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.106 (HADS) | 0.188 (HADS) | 0.202 (NR) | 0.225 (IES-R) | NR |
| Boesl et al. (18) | Italy | Cohort | 67% | 45.8 | 100 | Mild | 0.615 (BDI) | NR | 0.306 (MoCA) | NR | 0.337 (ESS) |
| De Graaf et al. (3) | Netherlands | Cohort | 37% | 60.8 | 81 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.123 (PHQ-9) | 0.037 (GAD-7) | 0.160 (CFQ-25) | 0.062 (PCL-5) | NR |
| Evans et al. (4) | UK | Cohort | 36% | 57.9 | 1077 | Hospitalized | 0.262 (PHQ-9) | 0.235 (GAD-7) | 0.139 (NR) | 0.117 (PCL-5) | NR |
| Frontera et al. (19) | US | Case-control | 35% | 68.5 | 280 | Hospitalized | 0.254 (NeuroQoL) | 0.511 (NeuroQoL) | 0.473 (MoCA) | NR | 0.375 (NeuroQoL) |
| Ganesh et al. (20) | US | Cohort | 61% | 44 | 817 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | NR | NR | NR | NR | 0.200 (PROMIS) |
| Garjani et al. (21) | UK | Cohort | 82% | 50 | 165 | Mild | 0.504 (NR)† | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Gonzàlez-Hermosillo et al. (22) | Mexico | Cohort | 35% | 51 | 130 | Hospitalized | 0.354 (self-reported) | 0.392 (self-reported) | 0.454 (self-reported) | NR | 0.454 (self-reported) |
| Gouraud et al. (23) | France | Cohort | 29% | 60 | 100 | Hospitalized | 0.220 (HADS) | 0.310 (HADS) | NR | NR | NR |
| Graham et al. (24) | US | Case-control | 66% | 43.7 | 50 | Mild | 0.400 (NR)† | NR | 0.820 (PROMIS) | NR | 0.360 (PROMIS) |
| Gramaglia et al. (6) | Italy | Cohort | 40% | 61 | 238 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.294 (MINI) | 0.328 (MINI) | NR | 0.429 (NR) | NR |
| Horwitz et al. (7) | US | Cohort | 40% | 62 | 126 | Hospitalized | NR | NR | 0.413 (PROMIS) | NR | 0.349 (PROMIS) |
| Huang et al. (8) | China | Cohort | 48% | 57 | 1733 | Hospitalized | 0.227 (interview)† | NR | NR | NR | 0.264 (interview) |
| Imran et al. (25) | India | Cross-sectional | 33% | 44.5 | 103 | Hospitalized | 0.126 (PHQ-9) | 0.214 (GAD-7) | NR | 0.087 (PCL-5) | NR |
| Lemhofer et al. (26) | Germany | Cross-sectional | 59% | 49.8 | 365 | Mild | NR | 0.249 (NR) | NR | NR | 0.301 (NR) |
| Lombardo et al. (27) | Italy | Cohort | 54% | 53 | 303 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | NR | NR | 0.363 (semi-structured interview) | NR | 0.465 (semi-structured interview) |
| Mendez et al. (28) | Spain | Cohort | 41% | 57 | 179 | Hospitalized | 0.268 (PHQ-9) | 0.296 (GAD-7) | 0.184 (NR) | 0.251 (DTS) | NR |
| Morin et al. (37) | France | Cohort | 42% | 60.9 | 478 | Hospitalized | 0.206 (BDI) | 0.314 (HADS) | 0.384 (MoCA, D2-R, Q3PC) | 0.142 (PCL-5) | 0.536 (ISI) |
| Naik et al. (29) | India | Cohort | 31% | 41.6 | 272 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.022 (interview) | 0.029 (interview) | NR | NR | 0.063 (interview) |
| Rass et al. (30) | Austria | Cohort | 39% | 55 | 90 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.121 (HADS) | 0.222 (HADS) | NR | 0.100 (PCL-5) | NR |
| Romero-Duarte et al. (31) | Spain | Cohort | 46% | 63 | 794 | Hospitalized | 0.044 (NR) | NR | NR | NR | 0.049 (NR) |
| Scherlinger et al. (32) | France | Case-control | 66% | 40 | 30 | Mild | 0.100 (Psychological interview) | 0.267 (Psychological interview) | NR | 0.300 (PCL-5) | NR |
| Simani et al. (33) | Iran | Cohort | 33% | 54.62 | 120 | Hospitalized | NR | NR | NR | 0.058 (PCL-5) | NR |
| Sykes et al., (34) | UK | Cohort | 34% | 134 | Hospitalized | 0.396 (self-reported) | 0.478 (self-reported) | 0.097 (self-reported) | NR | 0.351 (self-reported) | |
| Taquet et al. (35) | Netherlands | Cohort | 58% | 39.4 | 273618 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.155 (ICD-10)† | NR | 0.040 (ICD-10) | NR | NR |
| Tawfik (36) | Egypt | Cohort | 58% | 33.7 | 120 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | NR | NR | 0.008 (NR) | NR | 0.042 (NR) |
| Van den Borst et al. (38) | Netherlands | Cohort | 40% | 59 | 124 | Both hospitalized and outpatients | 0.117 (HADS) | 0.100 (HADS) | NR | 0.073 (PCL-5) | NR |
| Vanichkachorn et al. (39) | US | Cohort | 68% | 45.7 | 100 | NR | NR | NR | 0.005 (NR) | NR | 0.003 (NR) |
| Vannorsdall et al. (40) | US | Cohort | 59% | 54.5 | 82 | Hospitalized | 0.902 (PHQ-9) | 0.646 (GAD-7) | 0.805 (QDRS) | 0.25 (IES-R) | NR |
| Vassalini et al. (41) | Italy | Cohort | 46% | 57 | 115 | Hospitalized | 0.148 (PHQ-9) | NR | NR | NR | NR |
P, prevalence; PTS, post-traumatic symptoms; NR, not-reported; SCL-90, symptom checklist 90; PCL-5, PTSD checklist for DSM-5; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index; BDI, Beck depression inventory; STAI, state-trait anxiety inventory; IES-R, impact of event scale—revised; HADS, hospital anxiety and depression scale; MoCA, Montreal cognitive assessment; ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; PHQ-9, patient health questionnaire-9; GAD-7, general anxiety disorder-7; CFQ-25, cognitive failure questionnaire-25; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States of America; NeuroQoL, health-related quality of life for clinical research in neurology; PROMIS, patient-reported outcomes measurement information system; MINI, mini-international neuropsychiatric interview; DTS, Davidson trauma scale; D2-R, D2 test of attention—revised; Q3PC, Q3PC cognitive screening questionnaire; ISI, insomnia severity index; ICD-10, international classification of diseases 10th revision; QDRS, quick dementia rating scale.
†depression and anxiety aggregated prevalence.