Table 1.

Potential implications of a compound risk approach for the five strategies in risk management

Risk management strategy	Examples	Aim of the measure for a single-hazard perspective	Aim of the measure for a compound perspective	Potential implications for a compound risk approach
Prevention	Relocation of residential and non-residential properties.	Sudden decrease in the number of exposed residential and non-residential properties affected by a single hazard event	Permanent and future-oriented decrease in the number of exposed residential and non-residential properties affected by different hazards	Integration of compound events into planning and policy decisions
Defense	Implementation of subsurface storages	Technical mitigation measures, such as flood dams	Reduce the peak flows and store water for potential drought events	Consideration of cascading effects and interactions
Mitigation	Implementation of building adaptation strategies	Implementation of property-level flood-risk adaptation (PLFRA) measures	Implementation of property-level measures showing high efficiency for compound events	Selection and development of adaptation measures that can be used for compound events
Preparation	Take actions to improve risk awareness of compound events through training, evacuation strategies, risk communication	Reduce potential losses from a single hazard	Reduce potential losses of compound events	Enhanced cooperation and communication between the public sector and society
Recovery	Financial schemes (e.g., insurance payments, government relief subsidies, micro credits, buy-out schemes etc.) for recovery—focusing on the impacts of compound events	Reduce potential losses from a single hazard	Reduce potential losses from compound events	Improve efficiency of fiscal measures