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. 2023 Jun 21;4:1145934. doi: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1145934

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© 2023 Schaffer, Fogelman, Seo and Sinha.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Sex difference in pain symptoms and chronic stress. Women showed greater pain symptoms (p < 0.001) and higher chronic stress (p < 0.001) than men in a large community sample (N = 947). (B) Association between stress and pain. High chronic stress was associated with greater pain symptoms in all participants (p < 0.001). (C) Pain and opioid use. The probability of opioid use increased with greater pain symptoms (p < 0.001). (D) Stress and opioid use. The probability of opioid use increased with higher levels of chronic stress (p < 0.001).