Fig. 2.

Synthetic strategies for RBCM-NPs preparation for antitumor activity. Whole fresh blood is centrifuged and washed multiple times to remove the plasma and other unwanted cells. The resulting pure red blood cells are subjected to hypotonic hemolysis and are used to coat selected nanoparticles which are intravenously injected into the blood to maintain long systemic circulation. The RBCM-NPs permeate the tumor tissue via the EPR effect and finally enter into the tumor cells by endocytosis for therapeutic effect. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)