Table 1. Study Description .
AKI: acute kidney injury; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; ECLS: extracorporeal life support; ICU: intensive care unit; MAP: mean arterial blood pressure; MARS: molecular adsorbent recirculation system; PgE1: prostaglandin E1; PgI2: prostaglandin I2 or prostacyclin; TMP: trans-membrane pressure; RCT: randomized controlled trial; PICU: pediatric intensive care unit.
| Studies | Country and Year | Study Design | Abstract vs Full Text | Patient Category | Settings | Sample Size | Type of ECLS | Anticoagulation Strategies | Outcome Definitions | ||||
| Circuit Lifespan | Bleeding | Thrombocytopenia | Hypotension | Mortality | |||||||||
| Arcangeli et al., 2010 [22] | Italy, dates not available | Prospective randomized study | Full text | Adults with acute renal failure | Adult | 21 patients and 21 filters | CRRT | PgI2 vs heparin | Increase of TMP above 240 mmHg, without parallel venous pressure increase | No data reported | No data reported | Decrease in MAP of 10% from the baseline | No data reported |
| Balik et al., 2005 [27] | Australia, dates not available | comparative study | Full text | Adults | Adult ICU | 33 patients and 95 circuits | CRRT | PgI2+heparin vs citrate | Elevation of TMP above 200 mm Hg without parallel elevation of venous pressure | Not available | Platelet count less than 80,000 | Decrease in MAP of 10% of baseline | ICU mortality |
| Birnbaum et al., 2007 [23] | Germany, dates not available | Prospective randomized pilot study | Full text | Adults with acute renal failure | Adult ICU | 20 patients and 20 circuits | CRRT | Heparin vs combined heparin+PgI2 | Filter clotting determined by visual evidence of clotting or steady increase of TMP up to 200 cmH2O. | Not available | Platelet count less than 30,000 | Not available | ICU mortality |
| Brookes-Elbaz et al., 2017 [29] | UK, dates not available | Retrospective | Conference paper | Adults with AKI including cardiac (non-ECMO) cases | Adult ICU | 240 circuits | CRRT | Citrate vs heparin vs PgI2 | Not available | Not available | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported |
| Davenport et al., 1994 [20] | UK, dates not available | prospective | Full text | Adult patients with combined acute hepatic and renal failure who were at risk of hemorrhage | Adult ICU | 17 patients and 65 circuits | CRRT | PgI2 vs heparin | Not available | Hemorrhage that required blood transfusion | Decreased platelet count | Not available | Not available |
| Fabbri et al., 2010 [28] | Italy, dates not available | Prospective randomized controlled pilot study | Full text | Critically ill adults with acute renal failure | Adult ICU | 90 patients | CRRT | Heparin+PgI2 vs heparin | TMP is 250 mmHg and/or blood flow was halted by visible clotting | Severe bleeding: requiring more than 4 units of blood products, or retroperitoneal, intracranial, intraocular, or resulting in death. All other bleeding were considered minimal to moderate. | Not available | Not available | Not available |
| Goonasekera et al., 2015 [30] | UK, dates not available | Prospective | Conference paper | Pediatric acute liver failure patients | PICU | 71 patients | CRRT | PgI2 vs heparin | Not available | Not available | Platelet consumption and need for platelet transfusion | Requirement for fluids/vasopressors | Not available |
| Herrera-Gutiérrez et al., 2006 [32] | Spain, 1994 | Prospective | Full text | Adults with acute renal failure | Adult ICU | 389 patients and 1873 circuits | CRRT | PgI2 vs heparin | Not available | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported |
| Hutchison et al., 2016 [24] | UK, dates not available | Prospective | Conference paper | Adults requiring CRRT with no contraindication for regional citrate anticoagulation | Adult ICU | 53 patients and 172 circuits | CRRT | Citrate vs PgI2 | Not available | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported |
| Journois et al., 1990 [19] | France, dates not available | Retrospective | Full text | Adults with acute renal failure | Adult ICU | 9 patients and 36 circuits | CRRT | Heparin vs PgI2+Enoxaparin | Time to reach a third of initial membrane permeability | No data reported | Not available | No data reported | No data reported |
| Kozek-Langenecker et al., 2002 [17] | Austria, dates not available | double-blinded RCT | Full text | Adults requiring RRT secondary to sepsis or major surgery | Adult ICU | 50 patients and 210 circuits | CRRT | Heparin+PgI2 vs heparin+ PgE1 | Not available | Significant bleeding is the occurrence of bleeding requiring transfusion of blood products, other types of bleeding considered trivial | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported |
| Lasorella et al., 2014 [26] | UK, dates not available | Prospective | Conference paper | Children with acute liver failure | PICU | 108 patients | CRRT | PgI2 vs heparin | Not available | Not available | platelet consumption | requirement for fluids/vasopressors | Not available |
| Ostermann et al., 2010 [16] | UK, 2008-2009 | Retrospective | Conference paper | Adults requiring CRRT | Adult ICU | 288 circuitsepisodes | CRRT | Heparin vs PgI2 vs combined hepain/PgI2 | Not available | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported |
| Poply et al., 2014 [21] | UK, dates not available | retrospective | Conference paper | Adults with AKI | Mixed ICU | 26 patients and 50 circuits | CRRT | Heparin vs PgI2 vs no anticoagulation | Not available | Not available | Platelet less than 80 | No data reported | No data reported |
| Seller-Perez et al., 2009 [25] | Spain, dates not available | prospective | Conference paper | Adult ICU | 43 patients and 43 circuits | MARS | Mixed protocol vs PgI2 vs no anticoagulation | Not available | Not available | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported | |
| Tovey et al., 2013 [18] | UK, 2008-2009 | Retrospective | Full text | Adults with severe AKI requiring CRRT | Adult ICU | 309 patients and 2059 circuits | CRRT | Heparin vs PgI2 vs citrate | Premature filter clotting excluding elective discontinuation | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported | No data reported |
| Windelov et al., 2010 [31] | Denmark, 2009-2008 | retrospective | Full text | Adults with AKI requiring CRRT | Adult ICU | 94 patients | CRRT | Heparin vs PgI2 | No data reported | No data reported | Not available | No data reported | Mortality at 30, 90, and 365 days |