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. 2023 Jul 5;11:108. doi: 10.1186/s40478-023-01601-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — No glucose conditions and treatment with chloroquine cause cell process loss and shedding of membrane fragments. a, b hOLs project long processes in N1 conditions at 2 and 4 days in vitro (DIV). c, d With NG, processes show signs of contraction. O4 positive fragments are visible in the media (indicated by arrows). e In N1 conditions combined with chloroquine, the morphology of hOLs was similar to N1 conditions without chloroquine after 2 DIV. f After 4 days of treatment in N1 combined with chloroquine, some process retraction and some O4 + fragments can be observed outside the cell (fragments indicated by arrows). g, h Combined treatment of NG and chloroquine after 2 and 4 DIV resulted in greater retraction of processes and the presence of many fragments outside the cell. Cell size was decreased. The inset picture in h illustrates a magnified view of the O4 positive fragments. Scale bars correspond to 20 μm in the large figures and 2.5 μm in the inset in panel h