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. 2023 Jul 5;11:108. doi: 10.1186/s40478-023-01601-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — Shrinkage of hOL nuclear size in MS lesions and under metabolic stress in vitro. a Sample images of an MS case showing nucleus size in NAWM, lesion edge, and lesion center. Scale bars correspond to 10 μm. b Quantification of nuclear size (surface area) in NAWM, lesion edge, and lesion center, showing nuclear size reduced in the lesion center and edge compared to NAWM. Statistical significance was assessed using ANOVA/Dunnett’s test: *(< 0.05), **(< 0.01). c Quantification of nuclear size in optimal (N1), low glucose (LG) and no glucose (NG) conditions at 4 days, showing nuclear size reduced under metabolic stress. Statistical significance was assessed using ANOVA/Dunnett’s test: *(< 0.05). d Sample images illustrating nucleus size (DAPI staining) in vitro under N1, LG and NG conditions. Scale bars correspond to 20 μm