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. 2023 Jul 5;21:437. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04208-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1. — Experimental protocol for AAV distribution studies. A Overview of treatment protocol and tissue analysis. B Different flow rates in 0.4% agarose gel phantoms. Experimental groups used in study 1 C and study 2 D. E Schematic of injection sites for Corpus Striatum (CS), White Matter (WM), Subcortical zone (SC) and Brainstem (BS) from a lateral and superior view. F Syringe driver used for AAV delivery. G Example surgical screenshot from Brainlab showing target accuracy. H Schematic of mediolateral sagittal brain levels 1-5 used for immunohistochemical analysis