Table 1.

Quality, population description, population definition and search period of studies included in the systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Source	Quality (AMSTAR)		Population			Population definition	Search period
	Score	Quality	Pain type	Sample size, n	Studies, n	Pain duration
Owen et al. (5)	11/11	High	Chronic LBP	5578	89 RCTs	≥12 weeks	Inception to 05/2019
Bernard et al. (25)	9/11	High	Chronic LBP	200	6 RCTs	>12 weeks	Inception to 0/10/2018
Byström et al. (13)	6/11	Moderate	Chronic LBP	1768	16 RCTs	>12 weeks	Inception to 10/2011
Gomes-Neto et al. (24)	7/11	Moderate	Chronic LBP	895	11 RCTs	> 3 months + no leg pain	Inception to 11/2014
Luomajoki et al. (18)	11/11	High	LBP	781	11 RCTs	Chronic LBP: > 3 months; subacute LBP: within 3–12 weeks	Inception to 04/2017
Macedo et al. (14)	11/11	High	Acute LBP	197	3 RCTs	<6 weeks	Inception to 04/2015
Niederer et al. (23)	6/11	Moderate	Chronic LBP	2391	18 RCTs	NA	Not applicable
Niederer & Mueller (19)	8/11	High	Chronic LBP	1081	10 trials	>6 weeks	Inception to 1/10/2018
Saragiotto et al. (10)	11/11	High	Chronic LBP	2431	29 RCTs	>12 weeks	Inception to 04/2015
Smith et al. (21)	7/11	Moderate	LBP	NA	29 RCTs	Pain or stiffness between lower rib and buttock crease (studies with specific pathology were excluded)	10/2006 to 10/2013
Wang et al. (12)	8/11	High	Chronic LBP	414	5 RCTs	>3 months	1970 to 10/2011
Zhang et al. (22)	8/11	High	Chronic LBP	1333	18 RCTs	>12 weeks	Inception to 08/2020
Hayden et al. (17)	10/11	High	Chronic LBP	20,969	217 RCTs	>12 weeks	Not applicable
Searle et al. (20)	8/11	High	Chronic LBP	4462	45 RCTs	Pain and discomfort localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds lasting more than 3 months	Inception to 30/10/2014
Zhang et al. (72)	7/11	Moderate	Chronic LBP	950	18 RCTs	Physician-diagnosed for more than 3 months	Inception to 01/05/2021

AMSTAR, Assessment of multiple sytematic reviews; RCT, randomized controlled trial; LBP, low back pain.