Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of survey respondents
| Variable | Total (n = 9462) | SLE (n = 583) | HC (n = 4731) | Other AIRDs (n = 3069) | Other nrAIDs (n = 1079) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age in years (IQR) | 41 (29–53) | 39 (32–49) | 34 (26–47) | 49 (39–60) | 42 (32–53) |
| Gender (Male: Female) | 2378:7028 (1:2.9) | 31:551 (1:17) | 1659:3043 (1:1.8) | 545:2508 (1:4.6) | 143: 926 (1:6.5) |
| No. of vaccine doses, n (%) | |||||
| 1 | 2617 (27.7) | 209 (35.8) | 1201 (25.3) | 858 (27.9) | 349 (32.3) |
| 2 | 6845 (72.3) | 374 (64.2) | 3530 (74.7) | 2211 (72.1) | 730 (67.6) |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 4668 (49.3) | 221 (37.9) | 1984 (41.9) | 1823 (59.4) | 640 (59.3) |
| African-American/African heritage | 66 (0.7) | 7 (1.2) | 33 (0.7) | 21 (0.7) | 5 (0.5) |
| Asian | 2516 (26.6) | 236 (40.5) | 1315 (27.7) | 750 (24.4) | 215 (19.9) |
| Hispanic | 1173 (12.4) | 73 (12.5) | 764 (16.1) | 206 (6.7) | 130 (12.0) |
| Native American/Indigenous/Pacific Islandic | 46 (0.5) | 7 (1.2) | 24 (0.5) | 11 (0.4) | 4 (0.4) |
| Do not wish to disclose | 559 (5.9) | 20 (3.4) | 345 (7.3) | 152 (4.9) | 42 (3.8) |
| Other | 434 (4.6) | 19 (3.3) | 266 (5.6) | 106 (3.5) | 43 (3.9) |
| Vaccine taken, n (%) | |||||
| Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) | 3723 (39.3) | 250 (42.9) | 1623 (34.3) | 1376 (44.8) | 474 (43.9) |
| Oxford/Astra Zeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) | 1292 (13.7) | 68 (11.7) | 466 (9.8) | 612 (19.9) | 146 (13.5) |
| Johnson & Johnson (J&J) (JNJ-78436735) | 89 (0.9) | 16 (2.7) | 37 (0.8) | 18 (0.6) | 18 (1.7) |
| Moderna (mRNA-1273) | 599 (6.3) | 59 (10.1) | 160 (3.4) | 261 (8.5) | 119 (11.0) |
| Novavax (NVX-CoV2373) | 10 (0.1) | – | 2 (0.0) | 5 (0.2) | 3 (0.3) |
| Covishield (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) | 1149 (12.1) | 46 (7.8) | 677 (14.3) | 323 (10.6) | 103 (9.6) |
| Covaxin (BBV152) | 222 (2.4) | 10 (1.7) | 120 (2.6) | 75 (2.4) | 17 (1.6) |
| Sputnik (Gam-COVID-Vac) | 188 (2.0) | 7 (1.2) | 131 (2.8) | 29 (0.9) | 21 (1.9) |
| Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) | 1564 (16.6) | 33 (5.7) | 1244 (26.3) | 163 (5.3) | 124 (11.5) |
| Othersa | 570 (6.0) | 93 (16.0) | 238 (5.0) | 189 (6.2) | 50 (4.6) |
| I am not sure | 56 (0.6) | 1 (0.2) | 33 (0.7) | 18 (0.6) | 4 (0.4) |
| Diagnosis, n (%) | |||||
| No autoimmune disease | 4731 (44.0) | — | 4731 (44.0) | — | — |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 1347(14.2) | — | — | 1347 (31) | — |
| SLE | 583 (5.5) | 583 (6.1) | — | — | — |
| Systemic sclerosis | 407 (3.8) | — | — | 407 (9.4) | — |
| Ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis | 372 (3.5) | 3 (0.5) | — | 372 (8.6) | — |
| Sjögren’s syndrome | 218 (2) | — | — | 218 (5.0) | — |
| Mixed connective tissue disorder (MCTD) | 142 (1.3) | — | — | 142 (3.3) | — |
| Vasculitis | 114 (1.0) | — | — | 114 (2.6) | — |
| Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis (IBD) | 175 (1.6) | 3 (0.5) | — | — | 175 (16) |
| Thyroid (hypothyroid or hyperthyroid) | 498 (4.7) | 46 (7.8) | — | — | 498 (46) |
| Type 1 Diabetes | 63 (0.6) | 5 (0.8) | — | — | 63 (5.8) |
| Multiple sclerosis | 31 (0.3) | — | — | — | 31 (3.0) |
| Myasthenia gravis | 30 (0.3) | 3 (0.5) | — | — | 30 (2.8) |
| Pernicious anaemia | 10 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | — | — | 10 (0.9) |
| Haemolytic anaemia/idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) | 18 (0.2) | 8 (1.3) | — | — | 18 (1.7) |
| Polymyalgia rheumatica | 18 (0.2) | 1 (0.1) | — | 18 (0.4) | — |
| Others | 705 (6.8) | 38 (6.5) | — | 451 (10.5) | 254 (23.5) |
| Treatment, n (%) | |||||
| Methotrexate | 989/4731 (21.0) | 44 (7.5) | — | 913 (29.7) | 32 (2.9) |
| Mycophenolate mofetil | 328 (7.0) | 125 (21.4) | — | 182 (5.9) | 20 (1.8) |
| Rituximab | 67 (1.4) | 7 (1.2) | — | 56 (1.8) | 4 (0.4) |
| Azathioprine | 261 (5.6) | 84 (14.4) | — | 120 (3.9) | 57 (5.3) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 1007 (21.2) | 365 (62.6) | — | 616 (20.0) | 730 (67.6) |
| Sulfasalazine | 246 (5.2) | 1 (0.2) | — | 227 (7.4) | 18 (1.7) |
| Leflunomide | 155 (3.2) | 8 (1.4) | — | 144 (4.7) | 3 (0.3) |
| Oral tacrolimus | 49 (1.0) | 18 (3.0) | — | 24 (0.8) | 7 (0.6) |
| Ciclosporin | 24 (0.6) | 4 (0.7) | — | 16 (0.5) | 4 (0.4) |
| IVIG | 45 (1.0) | 5 (0.9) | — | 25 (0.8) | 14 (1.3) |
| Cyclophosphamide | 13 (0.2) | 4 (0.7) | — | 9 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Glucocorticoids | |||||
| No glucocorticoids | 3541 (74.8) | 258 (44.2) | — | 2309 (75.2) | 958 (88.8) |
| <10 mg prednisone (or eq.)/day | 961 (20.4) | 269 (46.1) | — | 615 (20.0) | 75 (6.9) |
| 10–20 mg prednisone (or eq.)/day | 184 (3.8) | 40 (6.8) | — | 117 (3.8) | 26 (2.4) |
| >20 mg prednisone (or eq.)/day | 63 (1.4) | 16 (2.7) | — | 27 (0.9) | 20 (1.9) |
AIDs: autoimmune diseases; AIRDs: autoimmune rheumatic diseases (other than SLE or inflammatory myopathies); HC: healthy controls; NA: not applicable.
a
Others included open-ended responses in different languages.