Table 2.
Participants and experimental setup.
| Study | Participants | n | % Women | Age M (SD) | Experimental stimuli | Duration of presentation (in min) | Begin of experimental session |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheung et al. (2015) | Undergraduate psychology students | 21 (socially-evaluated CPT + reactivation)b | 52.38 (socially-evaluated CPT + reactivation)b | 19.43 (1.75) (socially-evaluated CPT + reactivation)b | Trauma film (real life car accidents with serious injury and death) | 10.00 | 1:00 pm – 6:00 pm |
| 21 (warm water control + reactivation)b | 52.38 (warm water control + reactivation)b | 20.33 (2.89) (warm water control + reactivation)b | |||||
| 21 (socially-evaluated CPT only)b | 57.14 (socially-evaluated CPT only)b | 19.90 (2.14) (socially-evaluated CPT only)b | |||||
| Chou et al. (2014) | Healthy students and individuals from the general public | 58 | 44.83 | 24.16 (4.22) | Trauma film (real life car accidents with serious injury and death) | 13.67 | 1:30 pm – 6:00 pm |
| Hilberdink et al. (2022) | Healthy, university educated participants | 29 (socially-evaluated CPT)b | 0.00 | 22.52 (4.83) (socially-evaluated CPT)b | Trauma film (Irréversible, sexual and physical violence) | 15.00 | Afternoon |
| 34 (warm water control condition)b | 22.90 (3.89) (warm water control condition)b | ||||||
| Holz et al. (2017) | Healthy students | 60 | 50.00 | 23.17 (2.76) | Trauma film (Irréversible) | 11.00 | 1:00 pm – 6:00 pm |
| Kamboj et al. (2020) | Healthy individuals from a university locale | 88 | 100.00 | 23.76 (3.65) (placebo)b 23.20 (3.46) (propranolol)b 23.65 (3.12) (hydrocortisone) |
Trauma film (Irréversible) | 15.00 | 2:00 pm – 5:00 pm |
| Lass-Hennemann et al. (2018) | Healthy university students | 20 (dog interaction)b | 100.00 | 22.95 (2.87) (dog interaction)b | Trauma film (Irréversible) | 11.00 | 2:00 pm – 6:00 pm |
| 20 (dog film)b | 22.25 (3.32) (dog film)b | ||||||
| 20 (relaxation)b | 22.65 (2.39) (relaxation)b | ||||||
| Liberzon et al. (1999) | Healthy non-veteran controls | 14 | 0.00 | 45.4 (6.1) | Combat sounds | 3.00 | 9:00 am |
| Marks (2018) | Students | 173 | 56.60 | 19.27 (1.66) | Trauma film (The Last King of Scotland, mutilation and death) | 10.00 | N/Av |
| Nicholson et al. (2014) | Non-trauma exposed controls | 20 | 60.00 | 21.80 (5.72) | 20 negative emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture Systema | 2.00 | 12:00 pm – 6:00 pm |
| Rombold et al. (2016a) | Healthy university students | 38 (clonidine)b | 100.00 | 23.30 (3.60) (clonidine)b | Trauma film (Irréversible) | 14.67 | N/Av |
| 38 (placebo)b | 23.10 (3.20) (placebo)b | ||||||
| 38 (yohimbine)b | 23.40 (4.50) (yohimbine)b | ||||||
| Rombold et al. (2016b) | Healthy university students | 30 (hydrocortisone)b | 100.00 | 23.00 (3.32) (hydrocortisone)b | Trauma film (Irréversible) | 14.67 | 1:30 pm |
| 30 (placebo)b | 22.70 (3.41) (placebo)b | ||||||
| Scheele et al. (2019) | Healthy individuals from the general public | 16 (oxytocin, strong trauma disclosure)b | 100.00 | 23.31 (4.20) | Trauma film (Irréversible) | 15.00 | N/Av |
| 16 (oxytocin, weak trauma disclosure) b | |||||||
| 15 (placebo, strong trauma disclosure)b | |||||||
| 15 (placebo, weak trauma disclosure)b | |||||||
| Schultebraucks et al. (2019) | Healthy university students | 60 (TSST)b | 100.00 | 22.88 (2.78) (TSST)b | Trauma film (Irreversible) | 14.67 | 2:00 pm |
| 62 (placebo TSST)b | 23.89 (3.42) (placebo TSST)b | ||||||
| Trautmann et al. (2018) | Healthy individuals from a university environment | 47 | 55.30 | 24.50 (4.20) | Trauma film (Irreversible) | 15.00 | 1:00 pm – 8:00 pm |
a
Lang et al. (2008) bcortisol concentrations and outcome values were potentially influenced by allocation of participants to different experimental conditions. Therefore, the values are reported separately for each condition N/Av = not available; N/Ap = not applicable; CPT = cold pressor test; TSST = Trier social stress test.