Table 1.

Key photophysical changes of QDs in ZMWs

Enhancement in PL intensity (${\text{η}}_{\text{PL}}$)	2.5x
Enhancement in excitation intensity (${\text{η}}_{\text{exc}}$)	2.0x
Enhancement in radiative decay rate (${\text{η}}_{\text{r}}$)	4.3x
Enhancement in nonradiative decay rate (${\text{η}}_{\text{nr}}$)	7.0x
Reduction in an off-state event duration	3.0x
Enhancement in biexciton quantum yield	15.0x