TABLE 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Groups
| Prehabilitation (n=328) | Matched Controls (n=328) | P | Training-based Prehabilitation (n=189) | Matched Controls (n=189) | P | Physical Activity–based Prehabilitation Intro (n=139) | Matched Controls (n=139) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age [median (P25–P75)] (y) | 71 (63–77) | 71 (63–77) | 0.797 | 71 (63–76) | 71 (64–76) | 0.809 | 72 (63–78) | 70 (62–79) | 0.521 |
| Sex: male [n (%)] | 225 (69) | 230 (70) | 0.672 | 139 (74) | 133 (70) | 0.492 | 91 (66) | 92 (66) | 0.899 |
| ASA index [n (%)] | 0.217 | 0.519 | 0.123 | ||||||
| ASA 1 | 3 (1) | 5 (2) | 2 (1) | 5 (3) | 1 (1) | 0 (0) | |||
| ASA 2 | 150 (45) | 165 (51) | 78 (41) | 77 (41) | 72 (52) | 88 (63) | |||
| ASA 3 | 154 (47) | 127 (39) | 97 (51) | 87 (46) | 57 (41) | 40 (29) | |||
| ASA 4 | 24 (7) | 30 (9) | 15 (8) | 19 (10) | 9 (7) | 11 (8) | |||
| GMA score | 23 (13) | 24 (13) | 0.829 | 23 (13) | 25 (14) | 0.337 | 24 (13) | 22 (13) | 0.423 |
| Previous year healthcare expenses (Euros 2019) | 7479 (6750) | 6997 (7659) | 0.393 | 7352 (5791) | 6985 (7982) | 0.608 | 7650 (7888) | 7012 (7225) | 0.483 |
| No. drugs | 11 (6) | 10 (6) | 0.750 | 11 (6) | 11 (6) | 0.701 | 10 (6) | 10 (6) | 0.345 |
| Level of surgical aggression* [n (%)] | 1.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
| High surgical aggression | 191 (58) | 191 (58) | 104 (55) | 104 (55) | 87 (63) | 87 (63) | |||
| Intermediate surgical aggression | 72 (22) | 72 (22) | 50 (26) | 50 (26) | 22 (16) | 22 (16) | |||
| Low surgical aggression | 65 (20) | 65 (20) | 35 (19) | 35 (19) | 30 (21) | 30 (21) | |||
Data presented as mean (SD), unless otherwise indicated.
Detailed description of the subsets of patients can be found in Tables 1S and 2S (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SLA/E177).
Detailed information on prehabilitation-induced effects are provided in Tables 3S and 4S (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SLA/E177).
Surgeries have been stratified by level of surgical aggression: (i) high surgical aggression: total esophagectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, total gastrectomy, open cardiac surgery, oncologic gynecologic surgery, radical cistectomy; open bilobectomy or pneumonectomy, colorectal cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC); (ii) intermediate surgical aggression: gastric bypass, total colectomy, rectal resection, major liver resection, pancreas resection, open prostatectomy, open partial lung resection (thoracotomy); (iii) low surgical aggression: partial gastrectomy, sleeve gastrectomy, segmental colon resection, minor liver resection, minor lung resection (videothoracoscopy).
ASA indicates American Society of Anesthesiologists risk score; GMA, adjusted morbidity groups.