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. 2023 Jul 5;18(7):e0276470. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276470

Fig 1. Illustration of hypotheses.

Fig 1

Example of an early-planning question (EP; i.e., planning can start when listeners recognize the word 007 in the middle of the question) and a late-planning question (LP; i.e., planning can start when listeners recognize the word 007 at the end of the question) with indications of the three different time-locking points for the ultrasound analyses: question offset (TL1), early critical word onset (TL2), and speech onset (TL3). At the bottom of the figure, the three hypotheses for EP are schematically depicted (AP = articulatory preparation): Hypothesis A (Early AP) predicts that planning proceeds fast and immediately continues up to and including AP. Hypothesis B (Delayed AP) predicts that planning is less efficient and slower during turn-taking (than in isolation) but still immediately proceeds up until and including AP. Hypotheses C (Late AP) predicts that planning proceeds up to a certain point (i.e., it may be fast or slow, indicated by the shaded part of the box) but that (at least) AP is fully tied to the speech and occurs immediately before the response.