Table 2.
Characteristics of the pediatric cohort.
| Study group | Healthy children | AAb+ at-risk children | Newly diagnosed T1D patients |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 123 | 48 | 53 |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 8.9 ± 4.0 | 8.6 ± 4.7 | 8.5 ± 3.8 |
| Age range (years) | 2.0–15.7 | 2.0–17.2 | 2.4–17.5 |
| Male | 63% (77/123) | 54% (26/48) | 51% (27/53) |
| Female | 37% (46/123) | 46% (22/48) | 49% (26/53) |
| Progressors* | N/A† | 52% (25/48) | N/A |
| Time (years) from sampling to clinical T1D, mean ± SD | N/A | 2.6 ± 1.4 | N/A |
| Time (years) from birth to clinical T1D, mean ± SD | N/A | 10.0 ± 4.1 | N/A |
| Autoantibodies: | |||
| GADA | N/A | 63% (30/48) | 68% (36/53) |
| IA-2A | N/A | 67% (32/48) | 75% (40/53) |
| IAA | N/A | 48% (23/48) | 25% (13/53) |
| Number of autoantibodies: | |||
| ≤1 AAb | N/A | 31% (15/48) | 30% (16/53) |
| ≥2 AAb | N/A | 69% (33/48) | 70% (37/53) |
| Clinical variables at diagnosis: | |||
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L), mean ± SD | N/A | N/A | 24.3 ± 10.7 (n=43) |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol), mean ± SD | N/A | N/A | 79.0 ± 30.1 (n=31) |
| Blood pH, mean ± SD | N/A | N/A | 7.34 ± 0.11 (n=42) |
| Beta-hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L), mean ± SD | N/A | N/A | 2.83 ± 2.79 (n=44) |
*individuals, who have progressed from AAb+ stage to clinical T1D during follow-up, †not applicable.