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. 2023 Jun 28;619(7968):129–134. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06203-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a, Mean skin brightness over time during an active rest bout. The top shows images of octopus body, viewed from the top with head facing up, from throughout the active bout. b, Recording mean skin brightness over longer timescales reveals rhythmic alternation between AS and QS. c–f, Relative to QS, AS bouts see an increase in eye movements (c), body movements (d), breathing rate (breaths per minute) (e) and breathing variability (coefficient of variation) (f). Two-sided Wilcoxon sign rank tests (quiet versus active), P = 0.00025, 0.00033, 0.00018, 0.00077, n = 10 bouts, three animals. g, QS between two active bouts is characterized by repeated flashes of colouration. Rows begin at active bout start, ordered by time to the following active bout (n = 6 animals, high-pass filtered 0.005 Hz for display). h, Active bout inter-event interval is temperature dependent (n = 243 bouts, ten animals). i,j, Circadian rhythm in active bout rate persists over 3 days of constant light (i) or darkness (j) (n = 6 animals, Methods).