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. 2023 Jun 28;619(7968):129–134. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06203-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 1 — a) Example image of an octopus during active sleep, and manual segmentation of body regions for movement tracking. b) QS shows decreased variability in breathing rate (coefficient of variation) compared to active bouts/wake. Two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum tests, p = 0.00077 (QS-active), 0.0076 (QS-wake), N = 10,10,9 bouts (active, QS, wake) from 3 animals. c) Time course of increased movements (optic flow magnitude, Methods) during an active bout, identified by changes in skin brightness. d) Baseline movements preceding arousal threshold experiments (1s before hit time). N = 13, 12, 21, 9, 9, 13, 8, 10, 10 trials (left to right), from N = 5 animals.