Fig. 2. GDF15 increases energy expenditure and reduces body mass through GFRAL.
a, Experimental schematic. Mice were housed at room temperature (RT; 21 °C) or thermoneutrality (TN, 29 °C). CLAMS,Comprehensive Laboratory Animal Monitoring System. b, Cumulative food intake. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 mice per group at room temperature. n = 7 mice per group at thermoneutrality. P values were calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. c, Percentage body weight change. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 mice per group. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. d, Average energy expenditure. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 mice per group at room temperature. n = 6 mice per group at thermoneutrality. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Šidák’s multiple-comparison test. e, ANCOVA using body mass as a covariate (two-sided without adjustment). n = 10 mice per group at room temperature and n = 6 mice per group at thermoneutrality. f, Experimental schematic for the effect of GDF15 on WT and Gfral-KO mice. EE, energy expenditure. g, Cumulative food intake. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 mice per group. P values were calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. h, Body weight and percentage change over time. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 mice per group. P values were calculated using two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple-comparison test. i, Experimental schematic for the effects of GDF15 and matched caloric restriction on energy expenditure in WT and Gfral-KO mice. j, The average energy expenditure during a 12 h–12 h light–dark cycle. Data are mean ± s.e.m. n = 10 (WT, vehicle; WT, GDF15; and WT pair-fed), n = 7 (KO, pair-fed) and n = 6 (KO, GDF15) mice. P values were calculated using one-way ANOVA with Šidák’s multiple-comparison test. NS, not significant. k, ANCOVA using body mass as a covariate and treatment as a fixed factor (two-sided without adjustment). n = 10 (WT, vehicle; WT, GDF15; and WT, pair-fed (PF)), n = 7 (KO, pair-fed) and n = 6 (KO, GDF15) mice. Images of mice generated using BioRender.com.