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. 2023 Jun 28;619(7968):122–128. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-06259-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, Speed profile of a transition (background: N13 to N29) in chromatophore space (PC1–2: 15.6%, 9.8%) contained five slow points (blue, top). Groupings of chromatophores (coloured, bottom) that changed together (pattern components) during transitions between these points (1 of 3 analysed animals). b, Chromatophores (chrom.) in pattern components shrank (top row) or expanded transiently (bottom) during the transition in a. The pink shading shows the time of motion between slow points. c, Interdigitated groups of 1,736 (red) and 3,903 (blue) chromatophores, located in left half of the dorsal square, show different activity (right; average in b, top). The heat maps show the size of individual chromatophores (rows, z-scored). d, The correlation of activity between pattern components is not linked to their physical separation (Pearson’s r_56,928 = −0.043, P = 4.34 × 10⁻²⁵; 3 animals; Wasserstein distance; Extended Data Fig. 7c–e). e, The variance explained (200 PCs) by the dataset in which PCs are defined. Decomp., same dataset; nearest, the most similar transition; all, all transitions, downsampled; static, activity at static patterns; shuffled, randomized groupings. n = 21, 18 and 21 trajectories (traj.) from 3 animals, 3 backgrounds (N13, N26 and N29). f, Trajectories (the same PCs as in a) and images for two similar transitions (teal, 87.2 s; pink, 87.1 s; backgrounds are the same as in a). g, Chromatophores (n = 1,123) that co-varied in the pink trial (purple cluster, g1, left) split into many clusters in the teal trial. Chromatophores (n = 1,532) that co-varied in the teal trial (teal cluster, g2, right) split in the pink trial. The heat maps show the size of individual chromatophores (rows, z-scored). h, Pattern-component reorganization. Groupings are based on activity in the pink (left) and teal (right) trials in f and g. The line thickness is proportional to number of shared chromatophores. i, The fractions of chromatophores that grouped consistently across pairs of trials. The mean intersection over union (IoU) of chromatophore groupings decreases as the distance between the transition pairs increases (n = 32.3 ± 0.5, 31.2 ± 0.9, 33.2 ± 0.4 clusters; 44, 32, 30 transitions; animals and backgrounds are as described in e; Extended Data Fig. 7f,g). The lines show shuffled groupings.