Skip to main content
. 2023 Mar 28;37(7):5274–5284. doi: 10.1007/s00464-023-09983-y

Table 2.

Detailed results for all upcoming metrics comparing the student’s pre-training and post-training results

Parameter Exercise 1 Exercise 2
Pre-training result Post-training result P value Pre-training result Post-training result P value
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
t (s) 182.08 ± 113.52 89.76 ± 12.37 0.011 150.63 ± 55.12 101.63 ± 30.59 0.1
pAS dominanta (°) 12.40 ± 3.68 14.53 ± 5.41 0.059 10.21 ± 3.89 11.39 ± 4.63 0.168
pAS non-dominantb (°) 11.29 ± 3.79 15.59 ± 5.04 0.106 10.59 ± 5.81 13.55 ± 3.95 0.288
rAS dominant (°) 6.72 ± 3.18 5.57 ± 2.93 0.027 5.17 ± 1.81 4.87 ± 2.39 0.025
rAS non-dominant (°) 7.10 ± 3.38 5.59 ± 1.46 0.035 3.97 ± 0.39 4.05 ± 1.58 0.046
MS dominant (m/s2) 2.66 ± 3.46 1.44 ± 0.55 0.136 1.52 ± 0.83 1.16 ± 0.56 0.127
MS non-dominant (m/s2) 1.51 ± 0.64 1.44 ± 0.59 0.397 1.19 ± 0.54 1.02 ± 0.61 0.245
BD (–) 0.08 ± 0.06 0.09 ± 0.05 0.422 0.06 ± 0.05 0.13 ± 0.03 0.001
⍵ dominant (°/s) 12.23 ± 2.54 9.46 ± 1.94 0.004 10.14 ± 2.60 7.41 ± 1.95 0.006
non-dominant (°/s) 11.94 ± 4.51 10.20 ± 2.11 0.132 8.29 ± 1.30 7.50 ± 2.07 0.149
CS dominant (–) 348 ± 210.82 117.36 ± 31.64 0.002 208.27 ± 101.99 98.82 ± 58.99 0.004
CS non-dominant (–) 352.45 ± 302.68 124.36 ± 32.46 0.016 210.73 ± 88.06 111.82 ± 64.95 0.004
CRh dominant (–) 240.18 ± 163.52 98.64 ± 24.68 0.008 149.55 ± 72.33 90.18 ± 59.32 0.024
CR non-dominant (–) 282.55 ± 256.73 107.73 ± 38.72 0.024 173.73 ± 86.33 104.36 ± 64.39 0.023

Bold values indicate statistical significance (p < 0.05)

All the continuous variables are given in the Mean, Standard Deviation (SD) and p value

t time, pAS Perpendicular angle sum, rAS Rotary angle sum, MS Motion smoothness, BD bimanual dexterity, Average angular rate, CS count of swings, CR count of rotations

aDominant the dominant hand

bNon-dominant the non-dominant hand