FIGURE 1.

Forest plot of hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each cancer per 5‐kg/m² increase in body mass index (BMI). HRs were calculated by a random effects model by pooling study‐specific HR adjusted for sex, age, area (for multicentric studies, namely JPHC‐I, JPHC‐II, JACC, and LSS), pack‐years (0, 0< and ≤20, >20), alcohol consumption (nondrinker, occasional drinker [<1 day/week], and current drinker [1–4 days/week, ≥5 days/week and <23 ethanol g/day, ≥5 days/week and ≥23 ethanol g/day]), and history of diabetes. Between‐study heterogeneity for the risk estimate by trend analysis was evaluated using the Q‐statistic and the I ²‐statistic. The Q‐statistic was considered statistically significant when p < 0.10 and 0% of the I ²‐statistic represented no heterogeneity. HR values in bold show statistical significance (p < 0.05). For esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma, we excluded MIYAGI‐II, in which no information on histological type was available. JACC, Japan Collaborative Cohort Study; JPHC, Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study; TAKAYAMA, Takayama Study; LSS, Life Span Study.