Fig. 3.

Examples of higher-order hydrogel fabrication for increasingly complex architectures. (A) Intestinal organoids in Matrigel typically form buds in a variable manner (left panel). However, hydrogels can be used to support organoid culture and guide morphogenesis in a fully defined and reproducible manner whereby organoids consistently form crypt-like buds along photo-softened areas (right panel). Based on studies from Gjorevski et al. (2022). (B) Hydrogels can also be used within microfluidics to direct spatial embryonic development into 3D structures within hydrogel compartments that modulate environmental signals. Adapted with permission from Bonner et al. (2022), which was re-drawn from Zheng et al. (2019).