Fig. 1.

Classification, mechanism, and factors involved in different key cell death pathways. Key cell death pathways can be broadly classified on the basis of showing systemic death phenomenon or the presence of apoptotic hallmarks. (A) The first one is programmed apoptotic death consisting of caspase-mediated apoptosis and anoikis. (B) There are also nonprogrammed nonapoptotic cell death pathways like necrosome-mediated necrosis. (C) The majority of cell death pathways are programmed nonapoptotic origin, including vacuole-mediated autophagy and paraptosis, mitochondria-mediated mitoptosis and parthanatos, immune-factor-mediated NETosis and pyroptosis and miscellaneous factor-mediated necroptosis. DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid; ULK1, Unc-51-like kinase 1; ATP, adenosine triphosphate; PARP-1, poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase 1; NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps; GSDMD, gasdermin D; MLK-1, mixed lineage kinase 1; RIPK, receptor-interacting protein kinase.