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. 2023 Jun 21;17:1202099. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1202099

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Copyright © 2023 Dunn, Robinson, Nwokafor, Estill, Ferrante, Shen, Lemchi, Creus-Muncunill, Ramirez, Mengaziol, Brynildsen, Leggas, Horn, Ehrlich and Blendy.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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3-Trimester NOWS alters social and sleep behavior in adulthood. (A) Time spent interacting with the object-paired and social-paired cylinder in 3-chamber social affiliation test in males during the pretest (empty cylinder phase) and with addition of a stimulus mouse. During the stimulus mouse phase, there was a significant effect of session [F(1, 18) = 13.3, *p < 0.05], but no session x NOWS treatment interaction [F(1, 10) = 0.23, p > 0.05]. Post hoc analysis revealed morphine males spent significantly less time interacting with the social cylinder than the object cylinder (p < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in saline males. (B) Time spent interacting with the object-paired and social-paired cylinder in 3-chamber social affiliation test in females during the pretest (empty cylinder phase) and with addition of a stimulus mouse. During the stimulus mouse phase, there was a significant effect of session [F(1, 45) = 8.8, **p < 0.01] and a significant session x NOWS treatment interaction [F(1, 45) = 5.1, p < 0.05]. Post hoc analysis revealed morphine females spent significantly more time interacting with the social cylinder than the object cylinder (p < 0.01), but there was no significant difference in saline males. (C) Time spent sleeping, as measured by the COMPASS system, in male mice. There was a significant effect of time [F(35,770) = 38.2, p < 0.001], and a significant time x NOWS treatment interaction [F(35,770) = 1.7, p < 0.01]. (D) Average sleep bout length in each light and dark period in male mice. There was a significant effect of time [F(2,44) = 1.6, p < 0.001], but no effect of NOWS treatment. (E) Time spent sleeping, as measured by the COMPASS system, in female mice. There was a significant effect of time [F(35,735) = 33.6, p < 0.001] and a modest time x NOWS treatment interaction [F(35,735) = 1.4, p < 0.1]. (F) Average sleep bout length in each light and dark period in female mice. There was a significant effect of time [F(2,52.6) = 139.9, p < 0.001], and a significant time x NOWS treatment interaction [F(2,52.6) = 9.3, p < 0.001]. Post hoc analysis revealed a significant difference in sleep bout length between NOWS and saline mice during the light period [χ2(1, N = 23) = 16.54, ***p < 0.001]. All data was generated from 11 total litters (6 saline, 7 NOWS).