Table 3. Different Solid Catalysts’ Performance in Biodiesel Production Utilizing Low Grade Material/Waste Oils as Feedstock.
| catalyst | operating conditionsa | performance | reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mg–Al–CO3 hydrotalcite | 3 h, 200 °C, 1 wt %, 6:1 | 99% oil conversion | (68) |
| SO4–2/TiO2–SiO2 | 6 h, 200 °C, 3 wt %, 16:1 | 92% FAME yield | (19) |
| Zn3La1 | 3 h, 200 °C, 2.3 wt %, 36:1 | 96% FAME yield | (69) |
| zinc stearate immobilized on silica gel | 10 h, 200 °C, 3 wt %, 18:1 | 98% FAME yield | (70) |
| 12-tungstophosphoric acid supported on zirconia | 10 h, 200 °C, 3 wt %, 9:1 | 90% FAME yield | (71) |
| H-ZSM-5 | 4 h, 100 °C, 10 wt %, 45:1 | 55% oil conversion | (72) |
| H-ZSM-5 (1.0 M citric acid modified) | 4 h, 100 °C, 10 wt %, 45:1 | 84% oil conversion | (73) |
| La2O3/Na-Y-800 | 1 h, 70 °C, 10 wt %, 15:1 | 80% FAME yield | (61) |
| S-La2O3/Na-Y-800 (S = surfactant modified) | 1 h, 70 °C, 10 wt %, 15:1 | 84% FAME yield | (74) |
| CaO/zeolite | 1.25 h, 8 wt %, 30:1 | 90.85% FAME yield | (75) |
| ZnO-β-zeolite | 8 h, 200 °C, 3.0 wt %, 15:1 | 84.1% conversion | this work |
| SO42–/ZnO-β-zeolite | 8 h, 200 °C, 3.0 wt %, 15:1 | 96.9% conversion | this work |
a
The operating conditions (reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading, and MRMO).