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. 2023 Jul 6;22:105. doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01805-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — FGFR signaling pathway in breast cancer as a potential therapeutic target. Attachment of FGFs to FGFRs causes their dimerization, which encourages TGFR1 activation through kinase domain activation loop with activation of FRS2, PLCγ and downstream transduction pathways, such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, PKC, RAS/MAPK pathways, which potentiate proliferation, differentiation, migration, angiogenesis, and survival process. Arrows represent downstream events and the line represents inhibition. AKT, Ak strain transforming; ERK, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FGF, Fibroblast growth factor; FGFR, Fibroblast growth factor receptor; FRS2, Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2; GRB2, Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2; JAK, Janus kinase; MEK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; mTOR, Mammalian target of rapamycin; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKC, Protein kinase C; RAF, Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, Rat sarcoma; SOS, Son of sevenless; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription