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. 2023 Jul 5;21:441. doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04286-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Schematic pathway of the mitochondrial H₂S and related protein in regulating ECs function and angiogenesis. Different colors of boxes indicate different locations of protein in cells listed on the left. H₂S promoted angiogenesis by increasing cGMP production through activating eNOS/NO and prevention of cGMP breakdown through inhibiting phosphodiesterase (PDE), thus triggering cGMP/PKG-dependent downstream signaling such as ERK1/2 and p38 in case of angiogenesis. Silencing of CSE exacerbated mtROS production and decreased eNOS-NO production. Silencing CBS decreased transcription of VEGFR2 and neuropilin 1 (NRP1) by sulfhydration of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) at Cys68 and Cys755. Knockdown of 3-MST in ECs reduced VEGF-induced cell proliferation, migration, and tube-like network formation, inhibited mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. CBS: cystathionine beta-synthase; CSE: cystathionine-gamma-lyase; 3-MST: 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase; SP1: specificity protein 1; PDE: phosphodiesterase; cGMP/PKG: cyclic guanosine 5′-monophosphate/protein kinase G; NRP1: neuropilin 1; CM: cell membrane; IMM: inner mitochondrial membrane